Avery  Architectural  and  Fine  Arts  Library 
Gift  of  Seymour  B.  Durst  Old  York  Library 


Popular  Goods  at  Popular  Prices. 


UNION  ADAMS  &  CO., 

No.  913  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK, 

IMPORTERS  OF 

1VE  JE3  N'S 

FURNISHING  GOODS, 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

FINE  DRESS  SHIRTS  AND  COLLARS. 


Orders  by  Mail  will  receive  prompt  and  special  attention. 


HANOVER 

Fire  Insurance  Company, 

OF  THE 

CITY  OF  NEW  YORK, 


120  BROADWAY,  cor.  CEDAR  ST. 

Cash  Capital,  -----$  500,000.00 
Cash  Assets,  July  1st,  1875,     -    -  1,441,823.09 


BENJAMIN  S.  WALCOTT,  President. 

I.  REMSEN  LANE,  Sec'y.  C.  L.  ROE,  Ass't  Sec'y. 

THOMAS  JAMES,  Actuary. 


THE 


HUDSON  RIVER, 


BY     PEN     AND  PENCIL. 


FOR  TOURISTS  AND  OTHERS. 


ILLUSTRATED    WITH  SIXTY  ENGRAVINGS  ON    WOOD,  FROM  DRAWINGS 

BY  J.  D.  WOODWARD. 


NEW  YORK: 

D.     APPLETON     AND  COMPANY, 
549    and    551  PROADWAY. 


Avery  Architectural  and  F,ne  Arts  L,brary 
Gift  of  Seymour  B.  Durst  Old  York  Library 


> 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1875,  by 
D.  APPLETON  &  COMPANY, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington, 


IGthrta 


SEYMOUR  DURST 


"t '  'Tort  ntemv  ^im/le-rda-m-  oj£  Je  }/Lanha.tan$ 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


Day-Boat  leaving  New  York. 


*T^HE  Hudson  River  is  too  famous  among 
the  rivers  of  the  world  to  require  its 
geographical  position  to  be  given.  All  the 
world  knows  that  the  great  city  of  New  York 
lies  at  its  mouth  ;  that  it  flows  nearly  south 
along  the  eastern  counties  of  the  State  of  New 
York;  that  it  has  its  source  in  the  Adirondack 
Mountains,  three  hundred  miles  from  its 
mouth,  and  four  thousand  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  Its  principal  head-streams  rise  in 
Hamilton  and  Essex  Counties,  serving  as  out- 
lets to  a  great  number  of  small  highland  lakes. 
Several  of  these  streams  unite  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Essex  County,  and  the  river 
formed  by  their  junction  flows  in  a  tortuous 
course  southeast  to  about  the  centre  of  Warren 


County,  where  it  receives  the  outlet  of  Schroon  Lake,  some  eight  miles  west  of  the  southern  part  of 
Lake  George.    From  this  point  it  proceeds  deviously  until  it  reaches  Glen's  Falls,  where  it  has  a  fall 


4 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


of  about  fifty  feet.  From  this  point  to,  Troy,  a  distance  of  about  forty  miles,  its  course  is  much 
broken  by  rapids  ;  but  at  the  latter  place,  one  hundred  and  fifty-one  miles  from  its  mouth,  it  is  af- 
fected by  the  tide,  and  becomes  a  broad  and  deep  river.  , 

The  navigable  Hudson  is  a  small  river,  as  regards  its  length,  when  we  compare  it  with  the  Mis- 
sissippi, the  Missouri,  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  Rhine,  or  the  Danube  ;  but  no  stream  excels  it  in  grand- 
eur, whether  we  consider  its  bold  shores  or  the  broad  majesty  of  its  current.  There  is,  indeed,  no 
gainsaying  the  surprising  beauty  of  the  Hudson.  No  river  in  Europe  equals  it  in  varied,  picturesque 
charm.  Some  are  inclined  to  place  a  higher  estimate  upon  the  Rhine  on  account  of  its  ruins  and  old 
towns  ;  but  the  Rhine  is  monotonous  compared  with  the  Hudson.  Its  course  is  winding,  but  its 
shores  are  uniform  in  character,  and  the  hills  are  denuded  of  trees,  while  the  river  has  not  that  vary- 
ing succession  of  broad  expanse  and  narrow  pass  that  gives  to  the  Hudson  a  peculiar  and  untiring 
charm. 

The  best  way  to  see  the  Hudson  is  from  the  deck  of  one  of  the  fine  steamboats  that  daily  ascend 
and  descend  its  current.  Let  the  traveler  get  a  position  if  possible  on  the  forward-deck,  inasmuch  as 
the  scene  is  far  more  striking  and  effective  when  both  shores  can  be  taken  in  at  once ;  while  the 
traveler  thus  placed  has  the  opportunity  of  enjoying  a  succession  of  surprises  that,  amid  the  High- 
lands specially,  give  zest  to  the  picture.    It  sometimes  happens  that  the  boat  appears  land-locked  on 


Castle  Hill,  Hoboken. 


all  sides;  it  is,  apparently,  a  lake  and  not  a  river  that  it  is  traversing;  when  suddenly  a  turn  is  made, 
and  a  superb  stretch  of  the  river  is  opened  to  the  view.  This  very  striking  characteristic  of  the 
river  is  lost  to  one  who  is  contented  to  simply  watch  the  shore  as  the  boat  glides  by  it.  The  day- 
boats  on  the  Hudson  are  large  and  fine  vessels,  but  the  night-boats  are  larger — massive  floating  pal- 
aces. A  moonlight  journey  upon  the  Hudson,  in  one  of  these  sumptuous  boats,  is  an  experience  to 
remember,  and  we  recommend  those  who  have  taken  the  day  journey  to  make  a  second  trip  on  a 
soft,  summer,  moonlight  night,  when  new  and  wondrous  charms  of  the  river  will  be  unfolded  to  them. 

The  traveler,  indeed,  should  remember  that  effects  of  scenery  depend  very  much  upon  the  hour  in 
which  they  are  seen,  and  the  conditions  of  the  sky.  A  really  grand  mountain  looks  dwarfed  at  mid- 
f  day,  with  the  sun  pouring  down  a  blaze  of  light  upon  it,  without  a  shadow  to  relieve  its  surface ;  the 
same  mountain  towers  nobly  with  the  sun  shining  behind  it,  and  its  top  purpling  in  the  twilight.  On 
cloudy  days,  mountains  and  hills  take  a  monotonous  gray,  and  lose  that  brilliant  vivacity  which  on  a 
fair  day  shadow  and  sheen  will  give  them.  No  one,  in  truth,  knows  what  any  scene  really  is  for  beauty, 
unless  he  looks  upon  it  with  the  sun  sufficiently  low  to  make  deep  and  long  shadows  ;  for  a  scene  that 
is  commonplace  at  noon  becomes  radiant  with  many  charms  at  a  later  hour. 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


5 


But  let  us  begin  our  tour.  It  is  a  noble  scene  which  the  grand  steamer  sails  out  into  from  her 
wharf.  The  river  here  has  broadened  into  a  bay  some  miles  wide  ;  it  is  covered  with  craft  of  many 
kinds — with  great  steamships  from  the  harbors  of  the  Old  World,  with  sloops  and  schooners  from  the 
towns  far  up  the  river,  with  snorting  little  tug-boats  rushing  hither  and  thither  in  obedience  to  various 
summons,  with  ferry-boats  hurrying  from  shore  to  shore,  with  yachts  and  pleasure-boats,  with  fishing- 
craft,  and  great  tows  of  canal-boats  and  barges  under  careful  charge  of  stately  and  sturdy  steamboats. 
No  harbor  anywhere  exhibits  such  a  variety  of  craft,  or  presents  so  stirring  and  animated  a  scene,  as 
that  of  New  York ;  it  only  needs  the  feluccas  of  the  Mediterranean  to  make  it  supremely  and  unap- 
proachably picturesque  in  the  variety  of  its  craft. 

The  New  Jersey  shore  here  forms  the  western  bank  of  the  river.  A  little  way  below,  toward  the 
bay,  is  Jersey  City ;  just  north  of  it  lies  Hoboken,  famous  for  its  Elysian  Fields,  its  German  beer-gar- 
dens, and  its  sea-side  walks.  Just  between  the  village  and  the  Fields,  on  an  elevation  known  as  Castle 
Hill,  are  the  grounds  and  residence  of  the  late  R.  L.  Stevens,  once  principal  owner  of  all  the  land  now 
forming  the  town,  and  distinguished  for  several  inventions  in  steam  navigation,  among  which  is  that 
unfinished  but  famous  iron-plated  battery  with  which  he  hoped  to  create  a  revolution  in  naval  warfare. 
The  house  is  choicely  situated,  and  the  grounds  around  it  are  beautiful  with  lawn,  meadow,  and  grove. 
Just  below  the  hill  is  a  walk  along  the  river-edge,  by  which  the  Elysian  Fields,  just  above,  are 
reached — a  walk  that  in  former  times  was  daily  thronged  to  excess  with  pleasure-seekers,  and  which, 
though  now  no  longer  a  fashionable  resort,  has  still  its  groups  of  festive  people  enjoying  the  air  from 
the  river.  The  glory  of  the  Elysian  Fields  is  almost  gone  ;  wharves  encroach  upon  them  ;  and  the 
Weehawken  hills,  that  follow  next  in  succession,  are  becoming  crowded  with  villages  and  with  lager- 
beer  breweries.  The  huge,  many-storied  building  that  attracts  the  curious  attention  of  every  traveler 
is  a  gigantic  brewery  at  Guttenburg ;  its  roof  is  on  a  level  with  the  hill-top,  and  here  is  a  beer-garden 
where,  on  summer  afternoons,  our  Teutonic  friends  come  in  great  number  to  smoke,  drink,  and  enjoy 
the  cool  evening  air.  But  as  we  glide  along  the  shore,  noting  the  little  clusters  of  houses  that  glitter 
amid  the  foliage,  the  mind  forgets  for  a  moment  the  spectacle  before  it,  and  recalls  the  day  when  the 
report  of  a  pistol  was  heard  at  the  base  of  these  hills,  the  reverberation  of  which  still  fills  the  world 
with  horror.    Here  it  was  that  Hamilton  and  Burr  met  in  their  fatal  encounter  on  a  fair  July  morning 


Fort  Lee. 


6 


of  1804;  a  monument  once  marked  the  spot,  but  it  has  disappeared  ;  the  event,  however,  is  one  that 
the  public  mind  seems  in  no  way  inclined  to  forget. 

After  passing  Manhattanville,  on  the  New  York  shore,  about  seven  miles  distant,  we  soon  reach 
Fort  Washington,  on  the  east  bank,  and  Fort  Lee,  on  the  west  bank,  at  which  points  the  real  interest  of 
the  river  begins.  These  places  attract  the  traveler,  not  merely  because  they  open  to  him  the  picturesque 


Fort  Washington. 


vista  of  the  river  ;  they  are  historical  spots,  and  for  this  reason,  if  for  no  other,  excite  his  interest.  Fort 
Washington  lies  between  One  Hundred  and  Eighty-fourth  and  One  Hundred  and  Eighty-fifth  Streets, 
near  the  upper  boundary  of  New  York  island.  Washington  Heights,  just  below  the  site  of  the 
fort,  are  covered  with  beautiful  villas  ;  this,  indeed,  is  one  of  the  most  elegant  and  fashionable  suburbs 
of  the  metropolis.  Fort  Washington  was  an  extensive  earthwork  occupying  the  crown  of  the  heights  ; 
its  possession  was  retained  after  the  retreat  of  the  American  army  into  Westchester  County,  subsequent 
to  the  battle  of  Long  Island,  but  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy  in  November  of  1776,  its  garrison 
of  three  thousand  men  becoming  prisoners  of  war.  Four  days  after  the  fall  of  this  fort,  Lord  Cornwal- 
lis,  with  six  thousand  men,  crossed  the  river  above  at  Dobb's  Ferry,  and  attacked  Fort  Lee,  then  under 
the  command  of  General  Greene,  The  American  garrison  made  a  hasty  retreat  to  the  encampment  of 
the  main  army,  under  Washington,  five  miles  back  at  Hackensack,  and  the  fort  became  an  English 
possession.  Fort  Lee  was  named  after  the  eccentric  General  Charles  Lee,  and  stood  upon  the  lower 
boundary  of  the  Palisades,  those  high,  perpendicular  cliffs  which,  beginning  at  this  point,  stretch  in  an 
unbroken  line  for  twenty-four  miles  along  the  western  shore  of  the  river,  varying  in  height,  it  is  said,  from 
three  hundred  to  five  hundred  feet,  although  possessing  apparently  a  very  uniform  altitude.  Nothing, 
we  believe,  remains  of  the  old  fort.  The  cliffs  and  the  grounds  on  the  slopes  below  it  are  now  famous 
pleasure-grounds,  and  on  summer  days  boats  bring  crowds  of  excursionists  from  the  city,  some  of 
whom  occupy  the  beer-gardens  and  arbors,  while  others  ascend  to  the  top  ot  the  cliff,  and  distribute 
themselves  along  the  broken  and  picturesque  escarpment,  enjoying  the  superb  views  of  river  and 
shore,  and  distant  bay,  that  it  affords.  Just  below  the  high  grounds  of  Fort  Washington  is  a  point  of 
land  known  as  Jeffrey's  Hook.  A  redoubt  was  erected  here  at  the  time  of  the  Revolution,  remains  of 
which  are  still  to  be  seen ;  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English  at  the  time  of  the  capitulation  of  the 
fort  above  it,  as  did  all  the  defenses  of  the  Whig  patriots  standing  upon  the  island. 

Two  miles  above  Jeffrey's  Hook,  we  reach  the  well-known  Spuyten  Duyvel  Creek,  which  marks  the 
northern  limits  of  Manhattan  Island.  It  is  almost  impossible  to  discern  the  creek  from  a  boat  on  the 
river  ;  the  only  indications  of  it  are  the  piles  which  support  the  railway  track.  Spuyten  Duyvel  Creek 
connects  with  the  Harlem  River,  which  flows  into  the  East  River  at  Harlem,  together  forming  the 
upper  boundary  of  the  island.    The  curious  old  Dutch  name  is  accounted  for  by  a  legend  in  Mr. 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


Hip 


Jeffrey  s  Hoo'<. 


Diedrich  Knickerbocker's  famous  "  His- 
tory of  New  York,"  which  relates  that 
Anthony  Van  Corlear,  the  trumpeter  of 
Governor  Stuyvesant,  lost  his  life  in  at- 
tempting" to  swim  across  it  during  a  violent 
storm.  "The  wind  was  high,  the  ele- 
ments in  an  uproar,  and  no  Charon  could 
be  found  to  ferry  the  adventurous  sounder 
of  brass  across  the  water.  For  a  short 
time  he  vapored  like  an  intelligent  ghost 
upon  the  brink,  and  then,  bethinking  himself  of  the  urgency  of  his  errand  (to  arouse  the  people  to 
arms),  he  took  a  hearty  embrace  of  his  stone  bottle  ;  swore  most  valorously  that  he  would  swim  across 
in  spite  of  the  devil  (en  spyt  der  duyvel),  and  daringly  plunged  into  the  stream.  Luckless  Anthony  ! 
Scarcely  had  he  buffeted  half-way  over,  when  he  was  observed  to  struggle  violently,  as  if  battling  with 
the  spirit  of  the  waters.  Instinctively  he  put  his  trumpet  to  his  mouth,  and,  giving  a  vehement  blast, 
sank  forever  to  the  bottom  !  The  clangor  of  his  trumpet  rang  far  and  wide  through  the  country, 
alarming  the  neighbors  round,  who  hurried  in  amazement  to  the  spot.  Here  an  old  Dutch  burgher, 
famed  for  his  veracity,  and  who  had  been  a  witness  of  the  fact,  related  to  them  the  melancholy  affair, 
with  the  fearful  addition  (to  which  I  am  slow  in  giving  belief)  that  he  saw  the  duyvel,  in  the  shape 
of  a  huge  moss-bunker,  seize  the  sturdy  Anthony  by  the  leg,  and  drag  him  beneath  the  waves.  Cer- 
tain it  is,  the  place  has  been  called  Spuyten  Duyvel  ever  since." 

During  the  War  for  Independence,  stirring  events  occurred  in  the  vicinity  of  the  creek.  Batteries 
were  erected  on  each  side  of  it,  at  its  junction  with  the  Hudson,  and  in  its  immediate  neighborhood 
many  skirmishes  took  place,  not  only  between  the  regulars,  but  between  the  Cow-boys  and  Skinners, 
those  pests  of  this  region. 

Travelers  who  content  themselves  with  such  glimpses  of  the  river  and  its  banks  as  can  be  gained 
from  a  car-window,  reach  the  river-shore  at  this  point.    Leaving  the  Grand  Central  Depot,  at  New 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


A  Pinnacle  of  the  Palisades. 

uously  in  the  local  history  of  the  city, 
no  little  turbulence. 


York,  their  course  is  first 
direct  to  Harlem  ;  then 
crossing  the  river  of  the 
same  name,  by  a  bridge, 
they  skirt  its  northern 
shore,  and  reach  the 
Hudson  along  the 
course  of  Spuyten  Duy- 
vel  Creek.  Harlem  Riv- 
er (called  Mus-coo-ta  by  the  Indians)  extends  from 
King's  Bridge,  where  terminates  the  creek,  to  the 
East  River.    It  is  crossed  by  several  bridges,  and 
by  the  famous  High  Bridge,  so  called,  but  which  is, 
in  fact,  a  viaduct  for  carrying  the  waters  of  the  Cro- 
.ton  into  the  city.    This  bridge  is  at  an  elevation  of 
over  a  hundred  feet,  and  is  composed  of  eight 
columns  of  granite,  surmounted  by  arches  of  eighty 
feet  span.    King's  Bridge  is  a  noted  and  ancient 
suburb  of  New  York,  and  has  figured  conspic- 
Here  the  waters  of  Spuyten  Duyvel  and  the  Harlem  meet,  with 


* 


THE  HUD  SOX  RIVER. 


At  Fort  Lee  begin  the  Palisades,  a  term  applied  to  a  long, 
perpendicular,  apparently  columnar  wall,  that  extends  in  an  un- 
broken line  for  over  twenty  miles  along  the  western  bank  of  the 
river.  This  wall  varies  from  three  hundred  to  five  hundred  feet 
in  height,  but,  for  the  greater  part  of  the  distance,  it  is  nearly  uni- 
form in  altitude.  I  Its  aspect  from  the  river  is  somewhat  monot-^ 
onous,  and,  until  recently,  the  only  signs  of  habitation  have  been 
small  shanties  at  the  foot  of  the  cliffs,  on  the  river-edge,  occupied 
by  those  engaged  in  quarrying  the  rock  for  metropolitan  uses. 
But  now  there  are  a  few  indications  of  life  and  civilization.  About 
four  miles  above  Fort  Lee,  a  large  hotel,  known  as  "  The  Palisade 
Mountain-House,"  crowns  a  tall  escarpment,  and  here  and  there- 
cottages  and  villas  begin  to  gleam  through 
the  trees  upon  the  surface.  The  Palisades 
are  narrow,  being  in  some  places  not  more 


than  three-quarters  of  a  mile  wide  ; 
the  top  being  singularly  even,  af- 
fording a  long,  narrow  table-land, 
upon  which  there  is  a  scant  growth 
of  trees.    But  the  situation  for  sum- 
mer uses  is  admirable.   The  ground 
is  high,  the  air  salubrious,  and  the  prospects  superb. 
The  opposite  shore,  for  a  long  distance  to  the  north, 
affords  a  varied  and  charming  picture,  while  below  the 
eye  reaches  to  the  far-off  metropolis  and  its  crowded  bay. 
The  palisade-wall,  so  apparently  uniform,  is  broken  into 
pinnacles  and  deep  clefts,  and  all  the  scene,  from  a  close 
survey,  is  full  of  picturesque  variety.    One  may  take 
long  rambles  on  the  level  surface,  in  the  pleasant  shade 
of  the  trees,  or  sit  for  hours  upon  the  broken  rocks  at 
the  edge  of  the  cliff.    In  one  place  a  fine  cascade  varies 
the  picture.    The  "  Mountain-House  "  is  only  of  very 
recent  erection,  and  those  who  become  its  guests  can 

but  wonder  that  so  admirable  a  situation  for  a  summer  hotel  should  have  been  so  long  unthought  of; 
just,  indeed,  as  those  now  erecting  villas  upon  the  breezy  heights  may  be  puzzled  to  understand  how 


•  St.-.-.-    :*        '•'  v»  /-> 


Palisade  Moun'ain-House. 


IO 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


an  elevation  so  perfectly  healthful  and  inviting  in  the  summer 
months  should  have  been  left  all  these  decades  past  in  a  state 
scarcely  better  than  that  of  a  wilderness. 

While  the  western  shore  presents  this  long,  unvaried,  pre- 
cipitous cliff,  the  eastern  shore  affords  a  very  different  picture, 
of  undulating  hills  with  gentle  slopes  to  the  water's  edge,  of 
endless  villas  and  cottages  embowered  amid  trees 
and  vines,  of  pretty  little  clustering  villages — of  all 
the  marks,  indeed,  of  wealth  and  taste.    The  little 
town  of  Riverdale,  which  we  soon  pass  after  leav- 
ing Spuyten  Duyvel  Creek,  is  a 
group  of  elegant  mansions,  with- 
out a  shop  or  common  feature  of 
any  kind  to  mar  its  aristocratic 
supremacy.    About  a  mile  above 


Riverdale,  and  two  miles  below 
the  town  of  Yonkers,  are  Mount 
St.  Vincent  and  the  old  castle-like 
residence,  now  a  part  of  St.  Vin- 
cent, but  formerly  the  residence 
of  the  tragedian  Edwin  Forrest, 
and  formerly  known  as  Font  Hill.  The  structure  now 
belongs  to  the  convent,  having  been  sold  by  Forrest 
to  the  Sisters  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  under  whose 
management  St.  Vincent  is  conducted.    Mount  St. 
Vincent  is  an  extensive  Roman  Catholic  convent- 
school  for  girls,  which,  while  famous  for  its  educa- 
tional advantages,  is  also  famous  for  the  marvel- 
ous and  oppressive  ugliness  of  its  architecture.  It 
is  an  immense,  staring  brick  pile,  wholly  out  of  har- 
mony with  the  landscape,  and  out  of  harmony,  it 
might  be  supposed,  with  its  purpose,  if  academies 
did  not  almost  invariably  deface  the  landscape  in 
which  they  are  placed.    Mount  St.  Vincent  utterly 
dwarfs  Font  Hill,  which,  before  the  erection  of  the  uncouth  red-brick  mass  behind  it,  was  a  striking 
and  interesting  feature  of  the  river-shore.    Now,  if  one  can  manage  to  shut  out  from  his  vision  the 


Palisade  Cascade. 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER.  \\ 

mammoth  pile  behind  it,  he  can  get  a  partial  idea  of  its  claims  to  the  picturesque.  It  must  be  admit- 
ted, however,  that  a  castle  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  is  a  piece  of  sheer  affectation.  The  pile  looks 
very  small  from  the  river,  and  must  necessarily  disappoint  those  who  associate  size  and  grandeur  with 
the  idea  of  a  castle,  although  one  frequently  finds  abroad  castles  with  no  better  pretension  in  the  way 
of  extent,  however  superior  may  be  their  claims  on  the  ground  of  antiquity.  Font  Hill  has  six  towers, 
from  which  very  fine  views  of  the  Hudson  and  surrounding  country  may  be  obtained.  The  flag  or 
stair  tower  is  seventy-one  feet  high. 


Mount  St.  Vincent. 


About  two  miles  above  Mount  St.  Vincent,  on  the  same  side  of  the  river,  and  seventeen  miles  from 
New  York,  is  Yonkers,  the  first  town  of  importance  above  the  city.  Yonkers  is  an  old  Dutch  settle- 
ment, its  name  being  derived  from  Yonkeer,  which,  according  to  Lossing,  means  young  master,  or 
lord,  the  common  appellation  for  the  heir  of  a  Dutch  family.  Lands  were  purchased  here  from  the 
Indians,  by  some  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  as  early  as  the  beginning  of  Peter  Stuyvesant's  ad- 
ministration of  the  affairs  of  New  Netherland.  There  was  an  Indian  village  here,  named  Nap-pc-cha- 
mak,  signifying  rapid  water,  and  the  name  of  Nepcrah,  derived  from  this,  was  applied  to  the  rapid 
little  stream  upon  which  the  town  is  built,  now,  however,  known  by  the  prosaic  appellation  of  Saw-Mill 
River.  Yonkers  remained  for  many  years  nothing  more  than  a  slow  and  old-fashioned  Dutch  town, 
until  the  opening  of  the  Hudson  River  Railway,  some  thirty  years  ago,  when  suddenly  it  sprang  into 
importance,  and  rapidly  became  a  thriving  suburb  of  the  great  metropolis.  It  is  now  chartered  as  a  city. 
A  very  large  proportion  of  its  citizens  are  business-men  of  New  York.  It  contains  many  handsome 
residences,  from  the  grand  villa  down  to  the  pretty  cottage,  with  not  a  few  imposing  churches,  and  in 
all  particulars  is  a  first-rate  specimen  of  a  prosperous  American  semi-rustic  town.  For  the  antiquary, 
there  is  one  notable  attraction,  this  being  the  Philipse  Manor  Hall,  a  spacious  stone  edifice,  that  once 
belonged  to  the  lords  of  Philipse  Manor.  The  older  portion  of  this  building  was  erected  in  1682  ;  the 
present  front,  forming  an  addition,  was  built  in  1765.  The  rooms  are  large  and  wainscoted,  with  lofty 
ceilings.  The  principal  one  has  some  elaborate  ornamental  work  in  high-relief.  Some  of  the  fireplaces 
are  surrounded  with  borders  of  ancient  Dutch  tiles,  and  in  the  grounds  there  is  a  well,  it  is  said,  with  a 
subterranean  passage  leading  from  it,  nobodv  knows  to  where.  It  has  been  recently  converted  to  mu- 
nicipal uses,  the  city  offices  being  located  within  its  walls.  The  Manor  House  was  built  by  Frederick 
Philipse,  who  came  to  New  York  at  the  time  of  Governor  Stuv\  esant ;  he  secured  to  himself,  by  purchase 


I  2 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


of  the  Indians  and  grants 
from  the  government,  all  the 
hunting  -  grounds  between 
Spuyten  Duyvel  and  Croton 
River,  and  this  vast  estate  was 
formally  erected  into  a  manor 
by  royal  charter,  under  the 
style  and  title  of  Manor  Phil- 
ipseburg.  Two  manor-houses 
were  erected,  one  at  Sleepy 
Hollow,  and  one  upon  the 
present  site  of  Yonkers.  Fred- 
erick Philipse,  the  third  lord 
of  the  manor,  endeavored  to 
maintain  a  strict  neutrality 
during  the  War  of  the  Revo- 
lution, but  he  was  suspected 
of  favoring  the  royal  cause, 
although  Washington  staid 
several  nights  under  his  roof. 
In  1779  the  New  York  Legis- 
lature declared  him  attainted 
of  treason,  and  confiscated 
the  manor.  He  went  to  Eng- 
land in  1783,  where  two  years 
later  he  died;  and  in  1784 
the  State  offered  the  estate 
for  sale  in  tracts  to  suit  pur- 
chasers. 

The  first  town  above 
Yonkers  is  Hastings  (twen- 
ty-one .  miles  from  New 
York)  ;  but  the  shore  is  here 
so  thickly  dotted  with  cot- 
tages and  villas,  that  it  is 
not  easy  to  mark  the  end  or 
note  the  beginning  of  a  town 
or  village.  Hastings  is  his- 
torically noted  as  the  place 
from  which,  during  the  Revo- 
lution, the  army  of  Cornwal- 
lis,  after  the  fall  of  Fort 
Washington,  crossed  the 
Hudson  in  order  to  attack 
Fort  Lee.  About  a  mile  above 
Hastings  is  Dobb's  Ferry,  a 
town  so  named  after  one 
of  its  early  settlers,  who 
established  a  ferry  here.  A 
recent  attempt  to  change  the 
name  to  Paulding  met  with  little  favor  from  the  public,  inasmuch  as  its  present  designation  is 
intimately  associated  with  events  of  the  Revolution.  Near  this  spot  the  British  gathered  after  the 
battle  of  White  Plains,  in  October,  1776;  and  here,  in  1777,  a  division  of  the  American  army,  under 
General  Lincoln,  was  encamped.    At  t4iis  place  is  the  Livingston  Manor-House,  identified  with  many 


THE  HUD  SOX  RIVER.  13 

events  during  the  Revolution.  Washington  had  his  headquarters  there;  and  there,  in  1783,  George 
Clinton  and  Sir  Guy  Carlton,  the  British  commander,  met  to  confer  on  the  subject  of  the  evacuation 
of  the  city  of  New  York  by  the  British  forces.  Although  known  as  the  Livingston  Manor-House,  this 
house  did  not  come  into  the  possession  of  the  Livingston  family  until  after  the  Revolution.  It  was 
originally  built  by  a  Dutch  farmer,  who  leased  it  from  the  lord  of  the  Philipse  Manor ;  the  Philipse 
estate  being  sequestered  by  the  Government  at  the  close  of  the  war,  this  farm  was  purchased  by  Peter 
Van  Brugh  Livingston,  with  five  hundred  acres,  and  it  became  henceforth  known  as  the  Livingston 
Manor. 


Sunnyside. 


Nearly  opposite  Dobb's  Ferry,  on  the  western  shore,  is  Piermont,  situated  just  at  a  point  where  the 
Palisades  recede  from  the  shore,  and  at  the  dividing  line  between  the  States  of  New  York  and  New 
Jersey.  From  this  point  northward  both  shores  of  the  river  lie  within  the  boundaries  of  the  former 
State.  The  river  here  widens  into  a  bay,  known  as  Tappan  Zee.  Piermont  is  so  named  from  a  pier, 
about  a  mile  long,  that  stretches  far  over  the  shallow  flats  that  mark  this  indentation  of  the  bay.  Pier- 
mont was  once  the  terminus  of  the  Erie  Railway,  passengers  and  freight  being  transmitted  from  this 
point  to  New  York  by  boats.  Four  miles  back  of  Piermont  is  the  village  of  Tappan,  where  Andre  was 
tried,  condemned,  and  executed.    The  old  house  which  served  as  his  prison  still  stands. 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


Irvington,  on  the  eastern  shore,  some 
twenty-four  miles  from  New  York,  is 
named  after,  and  noted  as  the  residence 
of,  Washington  Irving — the  ever-famous 
Sunnyside,  to  which  devoted  lovers  of 
the  genial  Geoffrey  Crayon  come  like 
pious  pilgrims.  The  cottage  stands 
near  the  river,  but  is  hidden  to  the  trav- 
eler by  the  dense  growth  of  trees  and 
shrubbery.  It  is  a  stone  structure,  made 
up  of  many  gables,  the  eastern  side 
being  embowered  in  ivy,  the  earlier  slips 
of  which  were  presented  to  Irving  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  at  Abbotsford.  The 
original  house  was  built  by  Wolfert 
Acker,  a  privy-councilor  of  Peter  Stuy- 
vesant,  who  had  inscribed  over  the  door 
his  favorite  Dutch  motto,  "Lust  in 
Rust  "  (pleasure  in  quiet)  ;  the  house 
was  thence  called  Wolfert's  Rest,  which 
the  vulgar  corrupted  into  Wolfert's 
Roost.  It-  is  made  the  subject  of  one 
of  Irving's  sketches  in  his  book  bearing 
.   this  title. 

5,  Glancing  now  at  the  opposite  side 
2  of  the  river,  across  the  wide  and  some- 
times tempestuous  bay  known  as  Tap- 
pan  Zee,  we  see  the  picturesque  town 
of  Nyack,  lying  at  the  foot  of  a  high 
range  of  hills.  The  recent  extension  of 
the  Northern  Railroad  of  New  Jersey, 
from  Jersey  City  to  this  place,  has  given 
it  a  great  impetus,  but  it  was  always  a 
charming  town.  The  hills  that  lie  be- 
hind it  are  richly  wooded,  and  afford 
delicious  walks  and  rambles  to  the  deni- 
zens. Handsome  summer-houses  are 
rapidly  springing  up  on  their  wooded 
slopes,  from  which  there  are  superb 
views  of  the  river  and  the  distant  shore. 
There  is  an  extensive  young  ladies' 
academy  situated  here. 

Nearly  opposite  Nyack,  on  the  east- 
ern bank,  is  Tarrytown,  twenty-nine 
miles  from  New  York.  The  quaint  des- 
ignation of  this  place  naturally  suggests 
the  question  as  to  its  meaning.  Wash- 
ington Irving  tells  us  that  the  name 
was  given  in  former  times  by  the  good 
housewives  of  the  neighboring  country, 
in  consequence  of  the  inveterate  propensity  of  their  husbands  to  linger  about  the  village  taverns 
on  market-days,  but  it  would  seem  that  the  Dutch  called  it  Terwen  Dorp,  or  Wheat  Town,  be- 
cause of  the  abundance  of  that  cereal  on  the  hills  and  valleys  around ;  and  the  English,  retaining  a 
part  of  the  Dutch  name,  called  it  Terwen  Town,  from  which,  by  easy  declensions,  came  the  modern 


15 


pronunciation  of  Tarrytovvn.  Not 
many  years  ago,  Tarrytown  was 
nothing-  more  than  a  small  set- 
tlement on  the  river  border,  with 
its  single  wharf,  to  which  sloops 
came  from  New  York  to  deliver 
and  receive  merchandise,  and 
where  the  farmers  gathered  from 
the  interior  with  their  products. 
It  is  now  .a  place  of  elegance, 
and  the  hills  that  overlook  it  are 
adorned  with  numerous  beautiful 
villas,  surrounded  by  gardens  and 
lawns.  Many  of  these  elegant 
places  are  owned  by  citizens  of 
New  York.  The  shores  of  the 
Hudson,  indeed,  for  many  miles, 
are  little  more  than  a  beautiful 
suburb  of  the  metropolis.  We  are 
now  viewing  these  shores  and  the 
towns  from  the  deck  of  a  steamer  ; 
but  no  one  can  fully  appreciate  the 
charms  of  this  river  who  does  not 
explore  all  the  varied  and  pictu- 
resque places  that  abound  upon 
it ;  who  does  not  ascend  the  hills, 
note  all  the  elegance  and  cultiva- 
tion that  wealth  and  taste  have 
lavished  upon  them,  and  get  varied 
pictures  of  the  river  itself,  as  it 
Mows  beneath  him,  covered  with 
white  sails,  and  the  many  forms 
of  picturesque  boats  that  adorn 
its  surface.  In  its  craft,  the  Hud- 
son has  attractions  much  greater 
than  those  of  other  rivers.  The 
Rhine  is  vacant  and  dull  in  this 
particular.  Our  Western  rivers 
have  little  more  than  steamboats 
and  a  few  rafts.  On  the  Hudson 
there  are  grand  steamboats,  brill- 
iant, bird -like  yachts,  great, 
broad-sailed  sloops,  groups  of 
square  barges,  and  vast  fleets  of 
canal-boats  in  tow ;  the  variety 
and  the  number  are  so  great  that 
the  scene  is  at  all  times  animated 
by  them. 

Upon  a  promontory,  just  be- 
iow  Tarrytown,  is  the  Paulding 

Manor,  the  residence  of  Philip  R.  Paulding,  Esq.,  and  one  of  the  finest  specimens  of  the  pointed 
Tudor  style  of  architecture  in  the  country.  Its  situation  renders  it  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  dwell- 
ings on  the  river  in  this  vicinity. 

Tarrytown,  like  all  this  region,  is  historically  identified  with  the  romantic  story  of  Arnold  and  Andre. 


t 


i6 


It  was  upon  a  spot  now  within  the  town  that  Andre  was  arrested,  while  returning  to  the  British  lines, 
after  a  visit  to  Arnold  ;  and  at  Greenburg,  three  miles  east  of  the  town,  a  monument  has  been  erected, 
commemorating  the  event,  upon  which  the  inscription  gives  the  date  of  the  capture,  the  names  of  the 
three  patriots— Paulding,  Williams,  and  Van  Wart— who,  resisting  all  bribes,  seized  the  unhappy 
Andre,  and  thereby  saved  their  country. 

Another  °reat  interest  that  Tarry  town  possesses  is  in  its  identification  with  Washington  Irving. 
Sunnvside  is  so  near  Tarrytown,  that  that  renowned  author  always  attended  Christ  Church  at  the  lat- 
ter place  ;  of  this  church  he  was  warden  at  the  time  of  his  death  ;  and  upon  its  walls  a  handsome  tablet 
has  been  erected  to  his  memory. 


But  a  greater  interest  attaches  to  the  quaint  old  church  at  Sleepy  Hollow.  "  Not  far  from  Tarry- 
town,"  Irving  has  written,  "there  is  a  little  valley,  or  rather  a  lap  of  land,  among  high  hills,  which  is 
one  of  the  quietest  places  in  the  whole  world.    A  small  brook  glides  through  it,  with  just  murmur 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


17 


enough  to  lull  one  to  repose ;  and  the  occasional  whistle 
of  a  quail,  or  tapping  of  a  woodpecker,  is  almost  the  only 
sound  that  ever  breaks  in  upon  the  uniform  tranquillity. 
If  ever  I  should  wish  for  a  retreat,  whither  I  might  steal 
from  the  world  and  its  distractions,  and  dream  quietly 
away  the  remnant  of  a  troubled  life,  I  know  of  none  more 
promising  than  this  little  valley." 

At  the  opening  of  the  Hollow,  by  the  side  of  a  wind- 
ing lane,  stands  the  ancient  Dutch  church,  which  dates 
back  to  the  year  1699,  and  is  the  oldest  religious  edifice 
in  the  State.    It  is  an  old  and  quaint  little  building,  with  a  tiny  spire  inclosing  a  bell,  on  which  is  in- 
scribed in  Latin,  "  If  God  be  with  us,  who  can  be  against  us  ?  "    Close  by  there  is  a  cemetery,  in  which 
the  remains  of  Irving  are  buried. 

It  is  only  a  short  distance  to  the  old  bridge,  made  famous  by  Irving  in  his  legend  of  Ichabod  Crane. 
As  we  walk  over  it,  how  many  delightful  memories  are  revived  !  We  laugh  again  at  the  escapade  of 
the  school-master,  with  his  "soft  and  foolish  heart  toward  the  sex,"  and  withal  we  cannot  help  liking 
his  rival  in  love  for  Katrina — the  stalwart  and  muscular  Brom  Bones.  "  Once  upon  a  time,"  the  legend 
goes,  "  Ichabod  taught  the  Dutch  urchins  the  three  elementary  R's,  and  at  the  same  time  paid  court 
to  the  fair  Katrina,  who  was  the  daughter  of  old  farmer  Van  Tassel.  Brom  Van  Brunt,  nicknamed 
Brom  Bones,  loved  the  same  maiden,  and  resolved  to  drive  the  school-master  from  the  village.  One 
dark  night  Ichabod  started  home  from  the  Van  Tassel  house  in  very  low  spirits.  The  hour  was  as  dis- 
mal as  himself.  Far  below  him,  the  Tappan  Zee  spread  its  dusky  and  indistinct  waste  of  waters,  with 
here  and  there  the  tall  mast  of  a  sloop  riding  quietly  at  anchor  under  the  land.  In  the  dead  hush  of 
midnight  he  could  even  hear  the  barking  of  the  watch-dog  from  the  opposite  shore  of  the  Hudson  ;  but 
it  was  so  vague  and  faint  as  only  to  give  an  idea  of  his  distance  from  this  faithful  companion  of  man.  .  .  . 

"  Now,  a  belief  was  extant  in  a  spectre  called  the  Headless  Horseman  of  Sleepy  Hollow,  supposed 
to  be  the  spirit  of  a  Hessian  trooper,  whose  head  had  been  carried  off  by  a  cannon-ball.    Near  the  old 
church  this  horrid  ghost  made  its  appearance  in  pursuit  of  Ichabod,  who  was  bestride  an  inflexible 
9 


i8 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


bo 
c 


fcJJ 
c 


5 
— 
> 


the  old  church 
says  :  "  Let  us 


horse  named  Gunpowder.  The 
terrified  school-master  made  all 
haste  to  reach  the  old  bridge, 
passing  which  he  would  be  be- 
yond the  power  of  his  pursuer. 
He  spurred  old  Gunpowder  for- 
ward, but  looking  back  he  beheld 
the  spectre  close  behind  him,  and 
in  the  very  act  of  hurling  its  head 
at  him.  The  crash  came  ;  Icha- 
bod  rolled  to  the  ground,  and  the 
spectre  and  Gunpowder  rushed 
past  him  in  a  whirlwind.  A  shat- 
tered pumpkin  was  found  in  the 
road  next  day,  and  not  long  af- 
terward Brom  Bones  led  Ka- 
trina  to  the  altar,  but  Ichabod 
was  never  seen  or  heard  of 
again." 

Describing 
here,  Lossing 

climb  over  the  stile  by  the  corner 
of  the  old  church  into  the  yard 
where  so  many  pilgrims  of  the 
earth  are  sleeping.  Here  are 
many  stones,  with  half-obliterat- 
ed epitaphs,  marking  the  graves 
of  many  early  settlers.  .  .  .  Let 
us  pass  up  this  narrow,  wind- 
ing path,  and  cross  this  almost 
invisible  boundary  between  the 
old  '  graveyard '  and  the  new 
'cemetery;'  Here,  well  up  tow- 
ard the  summit  of  the  hill,  near 
the  '  receiving-vault, '  upon  a 
beautiful  sunny  slope,  is  an  in- 
closure  made  of  iron  bars  and 
privet  hedge,  with  open  gate,  in- 
viting entrance.  Here  in  line 
stand  several  slabs  of  white  mar- 
ble, only  two  feet  in  height,  at 
the  head  of  as  many  oblong  hil- 
locks, covered  with  turf  and  bud- 
ding spring  flowers.  Upon  one  of 
these,  near  the  centre,  we  read  : 

WASHINGTON, 
Son  of 

William  and  Sarah  S.  Irving, 
Died  Nov.  28,  1859. 
Aged  76  years,  7  months,  and  28  days. 

This  is  the  grave  of  the  immor- 
tal Geoffrey  Crayon.     Upon  it 

lie  wreaths  of  withered  flowers,  which  have  been  killed  by  frosts,  and  buried  by  drifts  of  lately-departed 
snow.  These  will  not  long  remain,  for  all  summer  fresh  and  fragrant  ones  are  laid  upon  that  honored 
grave  by  fair  hands  that  pluck  them  from  many  a  neighboring  garden.  .  .  .  This  lonely  burial-spotr 


o 

(0 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER.  19 

from  which  may  be  seen  Sleepy  Hollow,  the  ancient  church,  the  sparkling  waters  of  the  Po-can-te-co, 
spreading  out  into  a  little  lake  above  the  picturesque  old  dam  at  the  mill  of  Carter  Philipse,  Sleepy 
Hollow  Haven,  Tappan  Bay,  and  all  its  beautiful  surroundings,  was  chosen  long  ago  by  the  illustrious 
author  of  the  '  Sketch-Book  '  as  his  final  resting-place." 


Croton  Point. 


Just  above  Nyack,  on  the  western  shore,  ftie  long  ridge  of  trap-rock  called  the  Palisades,  which  at 
Piermont  recedes  from  the  shore,  comes  down  again  to  the  river-edge,  and  forms  a  high  and  abrupt  cliff, 
which  bears  the  name  of  Verdrietigh  Hook,  or  Point-no-Point.  The  famous  Rockland  Lake,  from 
which  comes  the  greater  portion  of  the  ice  used  in  New  York,  lies  embosomed  in  the  hills,  about  a  mile 


Stony  Point  and  Haverstraw  Bay,  from  above. 


distant.  It  is,  probably,  the  largest  ice-market  in  the  world  ;  a  thousand  men  are  employed  in  winter- 
time in  cutting  and  storing  the  ice,  some  two  hundred  thousand  tons  being  the  annual  supply. 

We  now  rapidly  approach  Sing  Sing,  thirty-three  miles  from  New  York.  The  peculiar  name  of  this 
place  is  derived  from  the  Indian  name  Ossining,  meaning  44  stone  upon  stone."    It  is  a  name  world- 


20 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


renowned,  but  this  universal  fame  is  not  due  to  the  beauty  of  the  town,  or  to  any  great  historical  inci- 
dent connected  with  the  history  of  the  place ;  it  is  because  here  are  gathered,  in  a  stone  palace,  a  good 
many  dangerous  and  a  few  notorious  persons.     The  State-prison  is  certainly  elegantly  situated,  but 

whether  all  the  beauties  of  the  surroundings  will 
compensate  for  an  enforced  residence  there,  we 
will  leave  to  those  who  have  tested  the  matter 
to  decide.  One  can  see  the  long,  white  stone 
buildings,  glittering  in  the  sun,  and  his  imagina- 
tion can  scarcely  fail  to  picture  the  sad  scenes 
within  their  walls.  This  prison  was  founded  in 
1826.  The  building  has  been  erected  by  the 
convicts,  of  stone  quarried  on  the  spot.  The 
main  prison  is  four  hundred  and  eighty-four  feet 
long,  and  has  twelve  hundred  cells,  with  an  iron- 
foundery,  and  manufactories  of  shoes,  whips, 
saddles,  furniture,  etc.,  in  which  convict-labor  is 
employed.  The  female  prison  stands  to  the  east, 
on  higher  ground  ;  it  is  built  of  marble,  has  one 
hundred  and  eight  cells,  and  the  prisoners  are 
employed  in  making  clothing. 

About  four  miles  above  Sing  Sing  is  Croton 
Point,  a  tongue  of  land  projecting  into  the  river, 
and  covered  with  rich  vineyards  and  orchards. 
I      The  famous  Croton  grapes,  from  the  vineyards 
a      of  Dr.  Underhill,  come  from  this  place.    At  this 
<§      point  Croton  River  enters  the  Hudson.  About 
5      six  miles  up  the  river  is  Croton  Lake,  formed  by 
e      a  dam  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  long,  forty  feet 
L      high,  and  twenty  feet  thick  at  the  bottom.  From 
5      this  lake  New  York  City  derives  its  supply  of 
o      water,  which  is  conducted  from  the  lake  by  an 
£     aqueduct  over  forty  miles  long,  by  sixteen  tun- 
|      nels  and  over  twenty-four  bridges.    There  are 
»      ventilators  at  even*  mile,  consisting  of  white- 
stone  towers,  about  fifteen  feet  in  height.  From 
forty  to  fifty  million  gallons  pour  into  the  aque- 
duct from  the  lake  every  twenty-four  hours.  The 
ancient  name  of  the  Croton  was  Kitch-a-nvati, 
signifying  "a  large  and  swift  current,"  but 
the  Dutch  called  it  Croton,  in  memory  of  an  In- 
dian sachem  of  that  name.    The  sources  of  the 
river  are  among  the  hills  of  Putnam  and  Dutch- 
ess Counties. 

Croton  Point  separates  Tappan  Zee,  or  Bay, 
from  Haverstraw  Bay.  Standing  on  the  extrem- 
ity of  Croton  Point,  one  may  obtain  a  full  view 
of  the  river.  Some  distance  belowT  Verdrietigh 
Hook  is  seen  with  great  distinctness,  and  above 
a  glimpse  may  be  obtained  of  the  Highlands, 
though  their  bases  are  hidden  by  the  intervening 
foot-hills.  The  small  town  in  Haverstraw  Bay, 
on  the  western  shore,  is  Haverstraw  itself,  and 
with  the  aid  of  a  good  telescope  one  may  pick 
out  Treason  Hill,  the  site  of  the  house  of  Joshua 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


21 


Hett  Smith,  in  which 
Andre  arranged  with 
Arnold  for  the  surren- 
der of  the  garrison  at 
West  Point.  The  house 
is  built  of  stone,  and  has 
two  broad  balconies  in 
front.  Less  than  a  mile 
above  Haverstraw  is  a 
line  of  limestone-cliffs, 
which  appear  very  white 
indeed  in  the  sunshine. 
They  are  about  half  a 
mile  in  length,  and  pro- 
duce a  million  bushels 
of  lime  every  year. 

Verplanck's  Point,  on 
the  eastern  shore,  and 
Stony  Point,  mark  the 
upper  end  of  Haverstraw 
Bay.  Stony  Point  is  on 
the  west  side  of  the  river 
^— a  bold,  rocky  emi- 
nence, with  a  light-house 
on  its  summit.  During 
the  Revolutionary  War, 
it  was  the  site  of  a  fort, 
which  was  captured  by 
the  British  on  June  i, 
1779.  The  loss  was  a 
severe  blow  to  the  Amer- 
icans, and  General  An- 
thony Wayne  was  in- 
structed to  recover  it  if 
possible.  At  midnight, 
on  July  15th,  he  led  two 
columns  of  picked  men 
to  the  assault.  They 
advanced  undiscovered, 
until  they  were  close 
upon  the  British  picket- 
guard,  when  an  alarm 
was  given,  and  a  raking 
fire  opened  upon  them. 
Nothing  daunted,  "  Mad 
Anthony,"  as  the  general 
was  called,  led  his  men 
forward,  and  within  half 
an  hour  after  the  first 
shot  the  fort  and  the  en- 
tire garrison  were  cap- 
tured. The  next  morning  a  cannonade  was  opened  upon  Fort  Lafayette,  situated  on  Verplanck's  Point 
and  held  by  the  British  ;  but  the  number  of  the  Americans  was  so  small  that  they  could  not  even  hold 
Stony  Point,  and  were  soon  compelled  to  abandon  it. 


c 

r: 
-C 

bD 

X 

o 


22  THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


The  steamer  now  safely  rounds  these  two  points,  and  emerges  at  Peekskill,  forty-three  miles  from 
New  York.  This  town  stands  at  the  mouth  of  a  creek,  upon  a  broad  bay,  and  is  named  after  a  Dutch 
navigator,  Jan  Peek,  who,  according  to  popular  tradition,  in  ascending  the  river,  mistook  this  creek  for 
the  main  stream,  but  who  became  so  enamored  of  the  fertile  hills  that  he  settled  there,  and  named  the 


lona  Island  and  "Anthony's  Nose.' 


creek  Peek's  Kill.  Peekskill  was  the  headquarters  of  General  Putnam  at  one  time  during  the  Revolu- 
tionary War ;  and  here  he  hanged  the  British  spy,  Palmer,  an  event  specially  remembered  on  account 
of  the  famous  curt  reply  of  "Old  Put"  to  the  British  officer  who  interposed  in  Palmer's  behalf: 
"  Edward  Palmer,  an  officer  in  the  enemy's  service,  was  taken  as  a  spy,  lurking  within  our  lines.  He 


^3 


has  been  tried  as  a  spy,  con- 
demned as  a  spy,  and  shall  be 
executed  as  a  spy."  In  this 
vicinity  is  the  Van  Cortlandl 

Manor-House,  an  object  of  interest  as  the  ancient  seat  of  an 
old  family,  and  as  at  one  period  during  the  Revolution  the 
temporary  residence  of  Washington.  Opposite  Peekskill.  on 
the  western  bank,  is  Caldwell's  Landing,  shadowed  by  the 
cliff  of  Dunderberg.  Between  this  place  and  Peekskill  there 
is  a  regular  ferry.  Here  a  futile  but  extensive  search  for 
Captain  Kidd's  treasure  was  once  made.  On  the  strength  of 
a  cannon  fished  from  the  water,  an  audacious  adventurer 
proclaimed  that  Kidd's  piratical  vessel  had  foundered  in  a 
storm  on  this  spot,  with  untold  treasures  on  board,  and  that 
the  vessel  had  been  penetrated  with  a  very  long  auger,  which 
had  brought  up  pieces  of  silver  in  its  thread.  A  stock-com- 
pany was  formed  ;  shares  were  readily  sold  ;  and  a  coffer-dam,  with  powerful  steam-engines,  was  built 
over  the  supposed  resting-place  of  the  ship.  Of  course  this  was  a  disastrous  failure,  and  some  of  the 
stockholders,  no  doubt,  gained  a  little  wisdom  by  their  costly  experience. 


View  from  Fort  Montgomery. 


24 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


We  are  now  entering  the  Highlands,  which,  from  this  point  to  Newburg,  a  distance  of  seventeen 
miles,  is  unsurpassed  by  any  river-scenery  in  the  world.  To  our  left  is  Dunderberg,  or  Thunder  Moun- 
tain, whose  steep  sides  are  perpetually  invoking  gusts  of  wind  and  rain  on  its  rugged  and  bold  crest. 
As  the  legend  goes,  it  is  the  home  of  a  boisterous  little  Dutch  goblin,  in  trunk-hose  and  sugar-loaf  hat, 
for  an  account  of  whom  we  must  turn  again  to  Irving:  "The  captains  of  river-craft  declare  that  they 
have  heard  him,  in  stormy  weather,  in  the  midst  of  the  turmoil,  giving  orders  in  Low  Dutch  for  the 


Sugar-Loaf  Mountain. — A  Storm  in  the  Highlands. 


piping  up  of  a  fresh  gust  of  wind,  or  the  rattling  off  of  another  thunder-clap  ;  that  sometimes  he  has 
been  seen  surrounded  by  a  crew  of  little  imps,  in  broad  breeches  and  short  doublets,  tumbling  head- 
over-heels  in  the  rack  and  mist,  and  playing  a  thousand  gambols  in  the  air,  or  buzzing  like  a  swarm  of 
flies  about  Anthony's  Nose ;  and  that,  at  such  times,  the  hurry-scurry  of  the  storm  was  always  the 
greatest.  One  time  a  sloop,  in  passing  by  the  Dunderberg,  was  overtaken  by  a  thunder-gust  that 
came  scouring  round  the  mountain,  and  seemed  to  burst  just  over  the  vessel.  Though  tight  and  well 
ballasted,  she  labored  dreadfully,  and  the  water  came  over  the  gunwale.  All  the  crew  were  amazed, 
when  it  was  discovered  that  there  was  a  little  white  sugar-loaf  hat  on  the  mast-head,  known  at  once  to 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


be  the  hat  of  the  Head  of  the  Dunderberg.  Nobody,  however,  dared  to  climb  to  the  masthead  and 
get  rid  of  this  terrible  hat.    The  sloop  continued  laboring  and  rocking,  as  if  she  would  have  rolled  her 

mast  overboard ;  and  she  seemed  in  continual  danger, 
either  of  upsetting,  or  of  running  on  shore.  In  this  way 
she  drove  quite  through  the  Highlands,  until  she  passed 
Pollopel's  Island,  where,  it  is  said,  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Dunderberg  potentate  ceases.  No  sooner  had  she  passed 
this  bourne,  than  the  little  hat  sprung  up  into  the  air  like  a 

top,  whirled  up  all  the  clouds 
into  a  vortex,  and  hurried  them 
back  to  the  summit  of  the  Dun- 
derberg, while  the  sloop  right- 
ed herself,  and  sailed  on  as  qui- 
etly as  if  in  a  mill-pond.  Noth- 
ing saved  her  from  utter  wreck 
but  the  fortunate  circumstance 
of  having  a   horseshoe  nailed 


M 


against  the  mast — a  wise  pre- 
caution against  evil  spirils,  since 
adopted  by  all  the  Dutch  cap- 
tains that  navigate  this  haunted 
river." 

Near  this  point  is  a  pictu- 
resque island,  called  Iona,  of 

some  three  hundred  acr.es  in  extent,  lying  within  a  trian- 
gle formed  by  Dunderberg,  Anthony's  Nose,  and  Bear 
Mountain.  Grapes  are  grown  extensively  upon  the  island, 
and  fhe  uncultivated  portion  is  a  favorite  picnic-ground 
for  excursion-parties  from  New  York.  On  the  western 
bank  of  the  river,  near  the  base  of  Dunderberg,  is  a  pict- 
uresque inlet  named  Montgomery-  Creek,  which  has  its 
source  in  a  mountain-stream  that  tumbles  over  a  cascade 
about  half  a  mile  from  its  mouth.  Fort  Montgomery  and 
Fort  Clinton  stood  on  each  side,  their  guns  commanding 
a  wide  range.  They  were  constructed  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  played  impor- 
tant parts  during  the  autumn  of  1777. 


Cozrens's  Hotel  and  Buttermilk  Falls,  West  Point. 


26 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


Looking  across  the  river  from  the  former,  Anthony's  Nose  appears — a  bold  promontory,  over  twelve 
hundred  feet  high.  It  is  massive  in  form,  sharp  in  outline,  and  has  no  peculiar  likeness  to  the  feature 
after  which  it  is  named  ;  but  it  is  the  subject  of  one  of  the  legends  recorded  by  Irving,  which  add  so 
much  to  the  pleasure  of  the  traveler.  Be  it  known,  then,  that  the  nose  of  Anthony,  Governor 
Stuyvesant's  trumpeter,  was  decked  with  the  true  regalia  of  a  king  of  good  fellows.  "  Now  it  happened 
that,  bright  and  early  in  the  morning,  the  good  Anthony,  having  washed  his  burly  visage,  was  leaning 
over  the  quarter-railing  of  his  galley,  contemplating  it  in  the  glassy  wave  below.  Just  at  this  moment 
the  illustrious  sun,  breaking  in  all  his  splendor  from  behind  a  high  bluff  of  the  Highlands,  did  dart  one 
of  his  most  potent  beams  full  upon  the  refulgent  nose  of  the  sounder  of  brass — the  reflection  of  which 
shot  straightway  down,  hissing-hot,  into  the  water,  and  killed  a  mighty  sturgeon  that  was  sporting  be- 
side the  vessel.  This  huge  monster  being,  with  infinite  labor,  hoisted  on  board,  furnished  a  luxurious 
repast  to  all  the  crew,  being  accounted  of  excellent  flavor,  excepting  about  the  wound,  where  it  smacked 
a  little  of  brimstone ;  and  this,  on  my  veracity,  was  the  first  time  that  ever  sturgeon  was  eaten  in  these 
parts  by  Christian  people.  When  this  astonishing  miracle  became  known  to  Peter  Stuyvesant,  he,  as 
may  well  be  supposed,  marveled  exceedingly ;  and,  as  a  monument  thereof,  he  gave  the  name  of  An- 
thony's Nose  to  a  stout  promon- 
tory in  the  neighborhood,  and  it 
has  continued  to  be  called  An- 
thony's Nose  ever  since  that  time." 
This  mountain  is  tunneled  at  the 
river-edge,  for  the  Hudson  River 
Railway. 

From  Fort  Montgomery, 
across  the  river  to  Anthony's  Nose, 
a  heavy  boom,  at  the  time  of 
the  Revolution,  formed  of  an 
immense  iron  chain  on  timber- 
floats,  extended.  This,  it  was 
thought,  would  effectually  prevent 
the  ascent  of  a  hostile  fleet  to 
West  Point ;  while  the  two  forts, 
which  were  commanded  by  the 
brothers,  Generals  George  and 
James  Clinton,  were  thought  to 
be  impregnable  on  the  land-side. 
On  October  6,  1777,  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  the  British  commander, 
sent  a  strong  detachment  over  the 
Dunderberg  to  attack  the  two 
forts  in  the  rear.  A  preconcerted 
demonstration  on  the  east  side  of 

the  river  induced  General  Putnam  to  believe  that  the  attack  would  be  made  on  Fort  Independence,  near 
Peekskill,  and  he  accordingly  withdrew  part  of  the  garrison  at  Fort  Montgomery  to  strengthen  the 
former.  Approaching  Fort  Montgomery,  the  British  had  a  sharp  skirmish  with  an  American  detach- 
ment at  Lake  Sinnipink,  which  is  still  known  as  Bloody  Pond,  and  then  advanced  toward  the  two  forts. 
The  garrisons  fought  desperately  till  evening,  when  it  became  evident  that  they  could  not  hold  out,  and 
they  retreated  in  good  order,  after  losing,  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners,  about  three  hundred.  The 
British  loss  was  about  one  hundred  and  forty. 

The  river  now  bends  to  the  northeast.  On  the  right  is  the  symmetrical  cone  of  Sugar-Loaf  Moun- 
tain. Sudden  and  fierce  thunder-storms  are  common  here  amid  these  mountains,  and  our  artist  has 
illustrated  a  scene  of  the  kind,  one  similar  to  which  the  traveler  is  quite  likely  to  witness. 

At  the  foot  of  Sugar-Loaf  Mountain,  on  the  eastern  shore,  is  a  small  cove,  with  a  stone  wharf  and 
a  few  small  buildings.  This  is  Beverley  Dock,  and  near  it  is  Beverley  House,  both  identified  with  our 
history  ;  for  it  was  at  this  house  that  General  Arnold  was  breakfasting  with  Colonel  Beverley  Robinson 


West  Point  Lighthouse. 


THE  HUD  SOX  RIVER. 


27 


when  news  came  to  him  of  the  arrest  of  Andre,  and  it  was  from  the  wharf  near  at  hand  that  he  hastily 
made  his  escape  to  the  English  vessel,  the  Vulture,  anchored  in  the  stream  below.  Washington  ar- 
rived at  the  Beverley  House  soon  after  Arnold's  flight,  from  which  point  he  crossed  to  West  Point, 
expecting  to  find  Arnold  there ;  and  soon  thereafter  came  the  dreadful  disclosure  of  the  world-known 
treason. 

The  remains  of  Fort 
Putnam,  of  Revolution- 
ary fame,  may  now  be 
seen  on  the  heights 
above  West  Point,  and 
presently  we  see  Butter- 
milk Falls  (on  the  left), 
which  at  times  is  a  fine 
cascade,  tumbling  over 
inclined  ledges  a  dis- 
tance of  a  hundred  feet, 
but  which  is  apt  in  the 
summer  heats  to  dwin- 
dle to  a  comparatively 
narrow  stream  of  water. 
Above  them,  on  the  high 
cliffs,  stands  Cozzens's 
Hotel,  a  famous  summer 
resort.  There  is  a  spe- 
cial landing  for  passen- 
gers who  wish  to  reach 
the  hotel. 

We  are  now  at  West 
Point  (fifty-one  miles 
from  New  York),  the 
world-known  great  Mili- 
tary Academy. 

West  Point  in  sum- 
mer is  the  theatre  of  an 
endless  round  of  harm- 
less dissipations.  Dis- 
tinguished visitors,  Con-  *J 
gressmen,  senators,  and  jit 
embassadors,  crowd  in, 
and,  with  a  tribe  of  less- 
noted  people,  fill  to  over- 
flow several  fashionable 
hotels  and  boarding- 
houses.  A  very  promi- 
nent element  consists  of 
young  ladies,  of  course 
— how  could  dissipation 
be  harmless  without 
them  ? — and  the  life  of 
the  cadets  at  the  Mili- 
tary Academy  is  enliv- 
ened with  innumerable 
picnics  and  evening  par- 
ties.   As  we  approach,       .       a£  UBB 


0 


28 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


the  landing-  is  crowded  with  persons  and 
vehicles  that  have  come  to  meet  us. 
Bright  parasols  and  dainty  bonnets 
blossom  in  reflections  on  the  water, 
and  peals  of  merry  laughter  ring  in  our 
ears. 

Love  at  the  first  sight  is  epidemic  at 
West  Point  in  June  and  July.  Tender- 
hearted damsels  fresh  from  the  board- 
ing-school, and  ardent  cadets,  whose 
sober  gray  uniform  is  completely  oppo- 
site to  the  warmth  of  their  feelings, 
wander  through  the  shady  lanes,  plight- 
ing everlasting  troth,  and  quite  forget- 
ting the  awful  fact  that  a  cruel  fate  may 
impend  in  papa  and  mamma.  There 
are  romantic  nooks,  arbors,  grottos,  and 
quiet  lanes,  overarched  with  intertwin- 
ing foliage,  all  that  a  lover  could  desire. 
But  of  these  more  anon.  For  the  pres- 
ent we  must  occupy  ourselves  with  a 
sketch  of  the  Military  Academy,  which 
in  resources  and  results  is  not  excelled 
by  any  similar  institution  in  the  world. 

The  neighboring  country,  for  a  dis- 
tance of  thirty  by  forty  square  miles, 
was  originally  granted  by  Governor 
Fletcher,  of  New  York,  to  Captain  John 
Evans,  of  the  Royal  Artillery,  and  was 
known  as  Evans's  Patent.  Evans's 
Patent  was  vacated  by  an  act  of  the 
Provincial  Legislature  in  1699,  ancl  trie 
heirs  of  the  new  proprietors  of  the  land 
disposed  of  2,105  acres  to  the  United 
States  in  1826.  Until  the  War  for  In- 
dependence, says  Lossing,  to  whom 
we  must  acknowledge  our  indebted- 
ness for  many  valuable  historic  facts, 
there  appears  to  have  been  no  dwelling 
or  settler  on  the  tract  excepting  such  as 
was  necessary  to  secure  the  patent. 
But  in  May,  1775,  it  was  resolved  to  es- 
tablish a  military  post  in  the  Highlands, 
and  fortifications  were  built  at  several 
points,  including  Forts  Clinton  and 
Montgomery. 

As  we  have  already  seen,  these  were 
of  good  service,  and  when  the  boom  and 
chain  stretching  across  the  river  above 
Peekskill  were  destroyed  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  another  contrivance  of  the  same  kind  was  placed  at 
West  Point.    An  additional  fort  was  also  built,  and  was  called  Fort  Arnold,  together  with  several 
extensive  water-batteries. 

The  garrison  was  successively  commanded  by  McDougall,  Heath,  Howe,  Arnold,  and  Knox.  Gen- 
eral Knox  remained  in  command  until  1785,  when  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  War.    In  1 787— '88 


Kosciuszko's  Garden,  West  Point. 


29 


the  redoubts  were  dismantled,  the  other  buildings  sold,  and  thus  ended  the  occupation  of  West  Point 
as  a  garrisoned  post.  • 

The  scheme  of  a  training-school  for  soldiers  had  already  been  mooted  in  Congress,  but  it  was  not 
until  1 812  that  an  act  was  passed  authorizing  the  establishment  of  the  Military  Academy  on  its  present 
broad  foundations,  and  since  then  there  has  been  a  steady  improvement  in  its  organization  and  ap- 
pointments. 

A  picturesque  road  leads  from  the 
landing  to  the  grounds,  and,  arrived 
there,  visitors  are  allowed  to  ramble 
through  the  massive  buildings  and  beau- 
tiful avenues  at  will.  The  Cadets'  Bar- 
racks is  the  most  imposing  structure. 
It  is  of  stone,  castellated  in  the  style  of 
the  ancient  Tudors,  and  it  contains  176 
rooms,  of  which  136  are  cadets'  quar- 
ters. Each  room  is  small,  and  very 
plainly  furnished,  the  same  principles 
being  adopted  here  as  at  the  Annapolis 
Naval  Academy.  No  luxuries  are  per- 
mitted, and  the  students  are  trained  to 
endure  all  the  rigors  of  the  active  mili- 
tary life  for  which  they  are  preparing. 

Two  persons  are  assigned  to  each 
room,  and  the  entire  furniture  consists 
of  two  iron  bedsteads,  chairs,  tables, 
and  a  few  other  necessary  articles.  The 
cadet  is  not  allowed  to  have  a  waiter, 
a  horse,  or  dog,  but  is  required  to  make 
his  own  bed  and  keep  his  quarters  tidy. 
He  is  aroused  at  five  o'clock  in  the 
morning  by  the  gun.  At  half-past  five 
his  room  must  be  in  order,  bedding 
folded,  and  wash-bowl  inverted.  Woe 
betide  him  if  he  is  dilatory !  He  is 
visited  by  a  superior,  who  reports  his 
delinquency,  or,  as  he  would  more  viv- 
idly say,  "  skins  "  him.  From  half-past 
rive  until  seven  he  is  supposed  to  be 
occupied  by  studies,  when  twenty-five 
minutes  are  allowed  him  for  breakfast ; 
then  half  an  hour  for  recreation,  and 
then  five  hours  for  recitations,  class- 
parades,  and  other  duties.  The  time 
between  noon  and  two  P.  M.  is  allowed 
for  dinner  and  recreation.  Work  is  over 
at  four  o'clock,  and  the  rest  of  the  day 
is  occupied  by  amusements  and  dress- 
parades.  Lights  are  extinguished  in 
quarters  at  ten,  and  the  embryo  soldier 
is  supposed  to  go  to  sleep. 

Sometimes  he  does  so,  and  some- 
times he  does  not.  The  wilder  spirits 
are  known  to  occasionally  indulge  in 

what  they  Call   the   "midnight    hash."  Flirtation  WaU,  West  Point,  by  Moonlight. 


30 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


View  at  West  Point,  north  from  the  Artillery-Grounds. 


Stealing  silently  from  their  quarters,  one  by  one,  they  assemble  in  the  apartment  of  a  comrade,  darken 
the  windows  and  light  the  gas.  Meat,  potatoes,  pepper,  salt,  bread,  and  butter,  are  mysteriously  pro- 
duced, and  a  hash  is  mixed  in  the  wash-basin.    A  hidden  gas-stove  is  brought  out  of  the  chimney,  and 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


3i 

—  \ 


West  Point  from  Fort  Putnam. 


the   viands   rre  cooked  and 
eaten.     If  nothing  disturbs, 
pipes  and   *'  flowing  bowls " 
follow,  but,  if  the  lightest  footstep  is  heard,  the  guests  -de- 
camp, leaving  their  host  responsible  for  all  the  confusion. 

The  class-rooms  are  located  in  a  stone  building  three 
stories  high,  and  include  a  chemical  laboratory,  gymnasium,- 
artillery  model-room,  mathematical  model-room,  picture- 
gallerv,  and  gallery  of  sculpture.  The  Mess  Hall  is  another 
building  of  beautiful  proportions,  one  hundred  and  seventy 
feet  in  length  and  sixty-two  in  depth.  There  are  also  an 
observatory  and  library,  which  in  style  and  material  resem- 
ble the  barracks,  and  a  little  to  the  west  of  these  is  the 
chapel,  which  was  built  in  1836.  It  contains  a  fine  painting 
over  the  chancel,  and  trophies  taken  from  the  British  and  the  Mexicans.  Upon  the  walls  are  several 
black-marble  tablets,  bearing  the  names  in  gilt  letters  of  the  generals  of  the  Revolution.  Benedict 

Arnold's,  however,  has  only  the  words  "Major-General   ,  Born*  1740."  with  furrows  in  the 

stone,  as  if  the  inscription  had  been  cut  out.  The  Administration  Building,  south  of  the  chapel,  con- 
tains the  offices  of  the  superintendent,  treasurer,  and  others. 


32 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


Each  step  the  visitor  now  takes  will  bring  him  into  the  presence  of  some  interesting  object.  On  a 
pleasant  sward  he  will  find  several  sections  of  the  great  chain  which  was  thrown  across  the  river  on  a 
boom.  The  links  are  two  and  a  quarter  inches  broad,  and  about  two  feet  long.  They  surround  the 
brass  mortars  which  were  taken  from  General  Burgoyne  at  Saratoga. 

A  winding  road  leads  to  the  cemetery,  which  contains  several  exceedingly  handsome  monuments. 
Most  notable  is  that  erected  by  the  cadets  to  their  comrade,  Vincent  M.  Lowe,  who  was  killed  by  the 
accidental  discharge  of  a  cannon  in  1817.  The  names  of  several  other  deceased  officers  and  cadets  are 
inscribed  upon  it,  and  it  is  known  as  the  "Cadets'  Monument."  The  remains  of  General  Winfield 
Sco:t  rest  in  a  massive  sarcophagus  recently  erected,  not  far  from  the  graves  of  Brigadier-General 
Bowers  and  General  Robert  Anderson. 

A  short  distance  from  "  Officers'  Row  "  is  a  bronze  statue  of  General  Sedgwick,  on  a  granite  pedes- 
tal, bearing  the  following-  inscription :  "  Major-General  John  Sedgwick,  U.  S.  Volunteers,  Colonel 

4th  Cavalry,  U.  S.  Army,  born  Sept.  13,  1813,  killed  in  Battle 
at  Spottsylvania,  May  9,  1864,  while  in  command  of  the  Sixth 
Corps,  Army  of  the  Potomac.  The  Sixth  Army  Corps,  in 
Loving  Admiration  of  its  Commander,  dedicate  this  Statue  to 
his  Memory."  And  near  by  is  an  obelisk  to  the  memory  of 
Lieutenant-Colonel  E.  W.  Wood,  who  fell  while  leading  a 
sortie  from  Fort  Erie,  in  Canada,  September,  1814. 

The  grounds  are  laid  out  with  great  taste,  and  you  fre- 
quently arrive  at  eminences,  whence,  from  under  the  shade 
of  leafy  trees,  you  can  gaze  down  upon  the  lovely  hollow  of 
the  river.  In  the  view  northward  from  the  artillery-ground, 
Cro'nest  Mountain,  celebrated  by  Rodman  Drake,  is  seen, 
flanked  by  several  other  magnificent  promontories,  which 
echo  and  reecho  the  thunder  .of  the  cannons. 

One  should  not  miss  seeing  Flirtation  Walk  or  Kosciuszko's 
Garden.  The  former  was  happily  named.  It  is  a  secluded 
path,  overhung  by  trees  and  shrubbery,  extending  for  some 
distance  along  the  bank  of  the  river.  In  the  calm  of  the 
summer's  evening  it  is  one  of  the  most  romantic  spots  possi- 


West  Point  Hotel  from  Constitution  Island. 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


33 


ble,  and  is  a  favorite  promenade  with  the  cadets  and  their  fair  guests.  Mr.  Woodward,  our  artist, 
sketched  it  on  a  moonlight  night,  and  has  succeeded  in  preserving  the  spirit  of  romance  which  attaches 
to  it. 

The  walk  leads  to  another  monument,  composed  of  a  fluted  column,  surmounted  by  an  eagle,  and 
standing  on  a  pedestal,  with  a  cannon  at  each  corner.  It  commemorates  the  braver)'  of  a  detachment 
of  United  States  troops,  under  Major  Francis  L.  Dade,  in  a  battle  with  Seminole  Indians  in  Florida, 
December,  1835,  when  one  hundred  and  five  men,  out  of  one  hundred  and  eight  in  the  command, 
were  slaughtered. 

Kosciuszko's  Garden  is  near  the  monument.  It  is  said  to  have  been  the  spot  which  the  eminent 
Pole,  who  was  intimately  associated  with  West  Point,  sought  in  his  hours  of  meditation.  A  fountain 
bubbles  into  a  marble  basin,  fronting  which  are  some  picturesque  rocks  bearing  Kosciuszko's  name. 

Many  happy  days  may  be  spent  at  West  Point.  The  country  for  miles  around  abounds  in  pictu- 
resque scenery  of  every  kind — cascades  rushing  beneath 
arching  leaves  ;  glens  in  primitive  solitude  ;  mountains 
whose  peaks  are  sentinels  of  the  fairest  landscapes,  and 
winding  brooks  rimmed  with  fragile  ferns  and  mosses.  W7e 
have  not  attempted  to  give  elaborate  and  detailed  descrip- 
tions, for  the  reason  that  the  artist's  sketches  are  vivid,  and 
better  convey  an  idea  of  the  scenery  to  the  reader.  The 
changing  effects  of  light  and  shadow,  storm  and  calm,  sun- 
rise and  sunset,  are  beyond  the  capacity  of  other  pen  than 
a  poet's.  But  this  much  we  may  say,  that  in  all  that  grati- 
fies a  lover  of  Nature,  whatever  his  mood  may  be,  and  in 
that  sentiment  of  repose  which  is  sometimes  said  to  be  of 
rare  occurrence  in  America,  the  scenery  around  West  Point 
is  unequaled.  The  sportsman,  the  fashionable  idler,  the 
holiday  tourist,  and  the  lover  of  Nature,  meet  on  common 
ground,  and  each  finds  the  object  that  affords  him  amuse- 
ment or  inspiration. 

A  boatman,  at  the  landing,  will  ferry  you  for  a  small  sum 
to  Beverley  Dock,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  river,  and 


Under  the  Cliff  of  Cro'nest. 


34 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


Ruins  of  Fort  Putnam. 


thence  you  can  find  your  way 
to  Indian  Falls,  a  wild,  crystal 
stream  that  flows  down  a  neigh- 
boring mountain-side,  and  forms 
a  fine  cascade.  It  is  sheltered 
by  abundant  foliage,  and  where 
it  plunges  over  the  rocky  edge 
it  has  a  very  romantic  appear- 
ance. Here  is  a  cool  retreat, 
where  the  tourist  may  bring  his 
book,  and  read  undisturbed  for 
hours. 

Rowing  back  to  W est  Point 
again,  and  ascending  the  hill  to 
the  plain  on  which  the  Academy 
buildings  stand,  you  will  see  an 
eminence  \vhich  is  conspicuous 
from  all  parts  of  the  Highlands. 
It  commands  a  superb  view  of 
the  surrounding  country,  includ- 
ing the  Storm  King,  Cro'nest, 
and  Breakneck  Mountains  ;  the 
river  shining  like  a  vein  of  liquid 
silver ;  Newburg  Bay,  and  the 
Fishkill  range.  In  Revolution- 
ary times  Fort  Putnam  stood 
here,  with  guns  that  threatened 

the  enemy  on  all  points.  It  was  the  most  important  of  the  Highland  fortifications,  and  was  constructed 
by  Colonel  Rufus  Putnam,  under  the  direction  of  Kosciuszko.    Standing  five  hundred  feet  above  the 

river,  on  a  hill  so  steep  that  a 
large  body  of  men  could  not 
scale  it,  it  was  impregnable, 
and,  with  the  several  redoubts 
built  on  neighboring  hills,  it 
formed  the  strongest  fortress  in 
possession  of  the  Americans.  A 
portion  of  the  walls  and  some 
of  the  casemates  still  remain. 
These  are  overgrown  with  grass, 
and  a  few  trees  have  found  root 
upon  them.  It  is  a  very  pictu- 
resque spot,  and  the  view  there- 
from is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
that  can  be  conceived. 

Opposite  to  West  Point,  on 
the  eastern  bank,  is  the  active 
village  of  Cold  Spring,  which  is 
fifty-four  miles  from  New  York. 
Constitution  Island,  which  lies 
abreast  of  it,  was  formerly  heav- 
ily fortified,  and  afforded  anchor- 
for  one  end  of  the  great 


age 


Indian  Falls. 


boom  and  chain.  Cold  Spring 
is  a  black  spot  on  the  beauty  of 
the  surrounding  scene.    It  has 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


35 


several  iron-founderies,  the  chim- 
neys of  which  pour  out  wreaths  of 
smoke,  and  it  was  here  that  Major 
Parrott  cast  the  celebrated  guns 
which  did  such  good  service  during 
the  war  of  the  rebellion.  But,  at 
night-time,  when  the  furnaces  glow- 
in  the  darkness,  and  throw  myriad 
sparks  toward  the  sky,  it  is  weirdly- 
picturesque,  and  supplies  a  cheerful 
color  to  the  view.  Night  in  the 
Highlands,  indeed,  is  scarcely  less 
lovely  than  the  day.  The  river 
breaks  with  the  faintest  murmur  on 
the  precipitous  shore  ;  the  walls  of 
the  mountains  are  an  impenetrable 
blackness,  against  which  the  starry 
path  overhead  looks  the  more  lus- 
trous. Trembling  echoes  strike  the 
hill-sides  plaintively,  as  a  great 
steamer  cleaves  her  way  up  the 
stream,  or  a  tow-boat,  with  a  string 
of  canal-boats  in  her  wake,  struggles 
against  the  tide  ;  while  fleets  of  sail- 
ing-vessels drift  past. 

Near  Cold  Spring,  on  the  east- 
ern shore,  on  an  elevated  plateau, 
is  "  Undercliff,"  the  home  of  the  late 
George  P.  Morris,  so  well  known  as 
the  author  of  "  Woodman, '  spare 
that  Tree,"  and  who  was  so  long 
associated  with  N.  P.  Willis  in  va- 
rious literary  ventures. 

Just  above  the  village  there  are 
two  majestic  hills  separated  by  a 
narrow  valley.  The  nearest  is  called 
Bull  Hill,  or  Mount  Taurus,  and  is 
over  fifteen  hundred  feet  high.  It 
is  said  that  long  ago  the  neighbor- 
hood was  troubled  by  a  wild  bull, 
and  that  the  Dutch  farmers  of  those 
days  formed  a  party  to  destroy  the 
beast.  They  hotly  chased  him  for 
many  a  mile,  and  at  last  he  sought 
refuge  in  the  mountain.  Still,  the 
valorous  Knickerbockers  followed, 
and  drove  him  into  the  river. 

The  eminence  to  the  north  of  Cold 
Spring  is  Breakneck  Hill.  It  is  over 
eighteen  hundred  feet  high.  For- 
merly a  huge  rock  stood  out  on  its  front,  bearing  a  wonderful  likeness  to  a  human  face  ;  but  in  1846 
some  workmen,  who  were  blasting  near  by,  destroyed  it.    Their  employer  has  been  accused  of  inten- 
tional vandalism,  and  here,  in  behalf  of  all  who  love  the  beautiful,  we  enter  a  protest  against  the  dese- 
cration of  the  banks  of  the  Hudson.    A  State  law  has  been  passed  forbidding  the  disfigurement  in 


T3 
C 


c 
o 
O 

£ 

o 


a. 

CO 

o 
O 


36 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


so 
c 

Q. 

CO 

o 
O 

£ 

o 


any  way  of  natural  scen- 
ery. It  should  be  strictly 
enforced,  and  no  mercy 
allowed  to  the  offender. 
If  the  quack  venders  of 
bread-pills  and  solutions 
of  nastiness  are  allowed 
to  have  their  own  way, 
they  will  not  only  spoil 
whatever  is  beautiful,  by 
their  ridiculous  advertise- 
ments, but  will  bring  dis- 
credit on  the  national 
character  to  a  greater 
extent  than  they  have 
done  already. 

A  short  distance  above 
West  Point,  on  the  west- 
ern bank  of  the  river,  are 
two  abutting  mountains 
of  excelling  beauty  of 
form.  A  delightful  ex- 
cursion may  be  made 
from  West  Point  to  them. 
A  civil  boatman  will  row 
you  into  their  shadow,  and 
you  may  gather  pebbles 
and  mosses  from  the 
time-worn  seams  in  the 
faces.  As  you  glance  up- 
ward from  your  frail  Ves- 
sel, their  height  appears 
magnified,  and  their  gray 
flanks,  almost  uncovered 
by  verdure,  reach  to 
heaven.  They  are  com- 
posed principally  of  gran- 
ite and  gneiss,  embedding 
loose  nodules  and  fixed 
veins  of  magnetic  iron- 
ore. 

Geologists  say  that 
they  belong,  with  Break- 
neck Hill,  to  a  range  ex- 
tending in  a  northeastern 
and  southwestern  direc- 
tion, and  connecting  with 
the  Alleghanies.  The 
chain  is,  beyond  doubt, 
of  primitive  origin,  and  in 

the  early  ages  of  the  world  must  have  opposed  a  barrier  to  the  passage  of  the  waters.  Probably  a 
vast  lake  covered  the  present  valley  of  the  Hudson,  and  extended  to,  if  not  over,  Lake  Champlain, 
eastward  to  the  Taghkanick  Mountain,  in  Columbia  County,  and  the  Highlands  along  the  western 
borders  of  Massachusetts,  and  westward  to  the  Kayaderosserao  Mountain,  near  Lake  George.  This 


CO 

c 
as 


c 
"o 
O 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


37 


area,  it  is  said,  must  have  been  in  former  ages  the  ancient  lake  of  the  valley  of  the  Hudson,  indicated 
by  the  levels  and  surveys  of  the  present  day,  and  by  an  examination  of  the  geological  structure  and 
alluvial  formations  of  the  valley. 

The  nearest  of  the  mountains  referred  to  is  the  Cro'nest,  which  is  the  scene  of  one  of  the  most 
charming  poems  in  the  English  language.  In  the  summer  of  1816,  Fenimore  Cooper,  Fitz-Greene 
Halleck,  Joseph  Rodman  Drake,  and  a  friend,  were  strolling  through  the  Highlands,  when  the  conver- 


Breakneck  Mountain,  from  Little  Stony  Point. 


sation  turned  on  the  adaptability  of  Scottish  streams  to  the  uses  of  poetry,  by  reason  of  their  numerous 
romantic  associations.  Cooper  and  Halleck  maintained  that  our  American  rivers  afforded  no  such 
opportunities;  but  Drake,  who  was  fond  of  argument,  took  the  opposite  side  of  the  question,  and,  to 
make  good  his  position,  produced,  in  three  days,  the  well-known  poem  of  "  The  Culprit  Fay."  The 
poet  was  then  only  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  it  is  on  this  work  that  his  fame  chiefly  rests. 

The  story  is  of  simple  construction.  The  fairies  who  live  on  Cro'nest  are  called  together  at  mid- 
night to  sit  in  judgment  on  one  of  their  number  who  has  broken  his  vow.  He  is  sentenced  to  perform 
a  most  difficult  task,  and  evil  spirits  of  air  and  water  oppose  him  in  his  mission  of  penance.    He  is 


33 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


sadly  baffled  and  tempted,  but  at 
length  conquers  all  difficulties, 
and  his  triumphant  return  is 
hailed  with  dance  and  song. 

These  Cro  nest  fairies  are  a 
dainty  and  luxurious  race.  Their 
lanterns  are  owlets'  eyes.  Some 
of  them  repose  in  cobweb  ham- 
mocks, swung  on  tufted  spears 
of  grass,  and  rocked  by  the 
zephyrs  of  a  midsummer  night. 
Others  have  beds  of  lichen,  pil- 
lowed by  the  breast-plumes  of 
the  humming-bird.  A  few,  still 
more  luxurious,  find  couches  in 
the  purple  shade  of  the  four- 
o'clock,  or  in  the  little  niches  of 
rock  lined  with  dazzling  mica. 
Their  tables,  at  which  they  drink 
dew  from  the  butter-cups,  are 
velvet-like  mushrooms,  and  the 
king's  throne  is  of  sassafras  and 
spicewood,  with  tortoise-shell 
pillars,  and  crimson  tulip-leaves 
for  drapery.  "  But  the  quaint 
shifts  and  the  beautiful  outfit  of 
the  Culprit  himself,"  says  a 
writer  on  Drake,  "comprise  the 
most  delectable  imagery  of  the 
poem.  He  is  worn  out  with 
fatigue  and  chagrin  at  the  very 
commencement  of  his  journey, 
and  therefore  makes  captive  a 
spotted  toad,  by  way  of  a  steed. 
Having  bridled  her  with  a  silk- 
weed  twist,  his  progress  is  made 
rapid  by  dint  of  lashing  her  sides 
with  an  osier-thong.  Arrived  at 
the  beach,  he  launches  fearlessly 
upon  the  tide,  for  among  his 
other  accomplishments  the  Fay 
is  a  graceful  swimmer ;  but  his 
tender  limbs  are  so  bruised  by 
leeches,  star-fish,  and  other  wa- 
tery enemies,  that  he  is  soon 
driven  back. 

"  The  cobweb  lint  and  bal- 
sam dew  of  sorrel  and  henbane 
speedily  relieve  the  little  peni- 
tent's wounds,  and,  having  re- 
freshed himself  with  the  juice  of 

the  calamus-root,  he  returns  to  the  shore,  and  selects  a  neatly-shaped  mussel-shell,  brilliantly  painted 
without  and  tinged  with  a  pearl  within.  Nature  seemed  to  have  formed  it  expressly  for  a  fairy-boat. 
Having  notched  the  stern,  and  gathered  a  colen-bell  to  bail  with,  he  sculls  into  the  middle  of  the  river, 


o 
O 

s 

o 


T3 
C 

-C 

i 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


39 


laughing  at  his  old  foes  as  they 
grin  and  chatter  around  his  way. 
There,  in  the  sweet  moonlight, 
he  sits  until  a  sturgeon  comes 
by,  and  leaps,  all  glistening,  into 
the  silvery  atmosphere ;  then, 
balancing  his  delicate  frame 
upon  one  foot,  like  a  Liliputian 
Mercury,  he  lifts  the  flowery 
cup,  and  catches  the  one  spark- 
ling drop  that  is  to  wash  the 
stain  from  his  wing. 

"  Gay  is  his  return-voyage. 
Sweet  nymphs  clasp  the  boat's 
side  with  their  tiny  hands,  and 
cheerily  urge  it  onward. 

"His  next  enterprise  is  of  a 
more  knightly  species  ;  and  he 
proceeds  to  array  himself  ac- 
cordingly, as  becomes  a  fairy 
cavalier.  His  acorn  helmet  is 
plumed  with  thistle-down,  a 
bee's-nest  forms  his  corselet, 
and  his  cloak  is  of  butterfly's 
wings.  With  a  lady-bug's  shell 
for  a  shield,  and  a  wasp-sting 
lance,  spurs  of  cockle-seed,  a 
bow  made  of  vine-twig  strung 
with  maize-silk,  and  well  sup- 
plied with  nettle  -  shafts,  he 
mounts  his  firefly,  and,  waving 
his  blade  of  blue  grass,  speeds 
upward  to  catch  a  glimmering 
spark  from  some  flying  meteor. 
Again  the  spirits  of  evil  are  let 
loose  upon  him,  and  the  upper 
elements  are  not  more  friendly 
than  those  below.  A  sylphid 
queen  enchants  him  by  her 
beauty  and  kindness.  But 
though  she  played  very  archly 
with  the  butterfly  cloak,  and 
handled  the  tassel  of  his  blade 
while  he  revealed  to  her  pitying 
ear  the  dangers  he  had  passed, 
the  memory  of  his  first  love  and 
the  object  of  his  pilgrimage  kept 
his  heart  free.  Escorted  with 
great  honor  by  the  sylph's  lovely 
train,  his  career  is  resumed,  and 

his  flame-wood  lamp  at  length  rekindled,  and,  before  the  sentry-elf  proclaims  a  streak  in  the  eastern 
sky,  the  culprit  has  been  welcomed  to  all  his  original  glory." 

The  mountain  next  above  Cro'nest,  separated  from  it  by  a  fertile  valley,  is  the  old  Butter  Hill  of  the 


bp 

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4o 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


Dutch,  which  N.  P.  Willis  rechristened  the  Storm  King.  It  is  over  fifteen  hundred  feet  high,  and  runs 
sheer  to  the  water. 

Here,  as  elsewhere  in  the  neighborhood,  crack-brained  speculators  have  searched  for  Captain  Kidd's 
buried  treasure,  and  the  river-front  of  the  Cro'nest  is  called  Kidd's  Plug  Cliff,  on  the  supposition  that 
a  mass  of  projecting  rock  on  the  face  of  the  precipice  formed  a  plug  to  the  orifice  where  the  pirate's 
gold  was  hidden. 

Turning  the  corner  of  the  Storm  King,  the  eye  falls  upon  an  elevated  reach  of  table-land,  wrhich 
stretches  far  back  from  the  shores  ot  Newburg  Bay,  to  the  base  of  the  western  hills.    On  the  verge 


Idlewild,  Cornwall. 


of  this  terrace,  near  its  southern  extremity,  is  the  many-gabled  cottage  ot  Idlewild,  the  former  home 
of  N.  P.  Willis.  It  was  designed  by  Calvert  Vaux,  who,  at  the  time,  wras  an  unknown  architect  at 
Newburg,  and  is  now  celebrated  as  one  of  the  leading  architects  of  Central  Park. 

"  My  cottage  at  Idlewild,"  Willis  has  written,  "is  a  pretty  type  of  the  two  lives  which  they  live  who 
are  wise — the  life  in  full  view  which  the  world  thinks  all ;  and  the  life  out  of  sight,  of  which  the  world 
knows  nothing.  You  see  its  front-porch  from  the  thronged  thoroughfare  of  the  Hudson  ;  but  the 
grove  behind  it  overhangs  a  deep-down  glen,  tracked  but  by  my  own  tangled  paths  and  the  wild  tor- 
rents which  they  by  turns  avoid  and  follow— a  solitude  in  which  the  hourly  hundreds  of  swift  travelers 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


who  pass  within  echo-distance,  effect  not  the  stirring  of  a  leaf.  But  it  does  not  take  precipices  and 
groves  to  make  these  close  remotenesses.  The  city  has  many  a  one — many  a  wall  on  the  crowded 
street  behind  which  is  the  small  chamber  of  a  life  lived  utterly  apart.  Idlewild,  with  its  viewless  other 
side  hidden  from  the  thronged  Hudson — its  dark  glen  of  rocks  and  woods,  and  the  murmur  of  its 
brook — is  but  an  example  of  every  wise  man's  inner  life  illustrated  and  set  to  music."  The  author's 
study  was  in  the  upper  story,  and  thence  he  looked  out  in  the  intervals  of  his  work  upon  such  a  pano- 
rama as  would  carry  balm  to  the  lowliest  mind. 

There  are  some  beautiful  grounds  on  the  Hudson  which  strangers  are  forbidden  to  enter.  The 
vagabond  and  the  tourist  alike  were  welcome  at  Idlewild,  and  allowed  to  roam  at  will  through  the 


The  Highlands,  south  frcm  Newburg. 


garden.  "Fence  out  the  pigs  all  may,  if  we  know  how,  and  nobody  leaves  the  gate  open,"  Willis 
wrote,  "  but  to  fence  out  a  genial  eye  from  any  corner  of  the  earth  which  Nature  has  lovingly  touched 
with  that  pencil  which  never  repeats  itself ;  to  shut  up  a  glen  or  a  waterfall  for  one  man's  exclusive 
knowing  and  enjoying ;  to  lock  up  trees  and  glades,  shady  paths  and  haunts  along  rivulets — it  would 
be  an  embezzlement  by  one  man  of  Nature's  gifts  to  all.  A  capitalist  might  as  well  cut  off  a  star,  or 
have  the  monopoly  of  an  hour.    Doors  may  lock,  but  out-doors  is  a  freehold  to  feet  and  eyes." 


42  THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


Rounding  the  base  of  the  Storm  King,  we  enter  the  wide  expanse  of  Newburg  Bay,  whence,  by  a 
backward  glance,  we  may  trace  some  of  the  beauties  which  we  have  already  passed. 


Washington's  Headquarters,  Newburg. 


The  steamer  now  turns  a  little  to  the  west,  and  runs  toward  Cornwall  Landing,  which  is  fifty-six 
miles  from  New  York.  Cornwall  is  a  charming  town,  crowded  with  cottages  and  summer  boarding- 
houses,  built,  apparently,  one  over  the  other,  on  the  slope  of  a  hill  which  nourishes  some  fertile  vine- 


Summer-House,  Cruger's  Island. 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


43 


yards,  and  was  named  Isl- 
and Terrace  by  N.  P.  Willis. 
Near  here,  the  Moodna, 
flowing  from  its  bowery  en- 
vironment, pays  the  tribute 
of  its  little  stream  to  the 
greater  river.  In  former  days 
it  was  called  Murderers' 
Creek,  in  memory  of  a  mas- 
sacre by  the  Indians,  but 
Willis  revolted  at  so  gloomy 
a  name,  and  generously  re- 
christened  it  the  Moodna. 

Four  miles  north  from 
Cornwall,  on  the  western 
bank,  is  the  town  of  New- 
burg,  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  important  business- 
places  on  the  Hudson.  It 
is  built  on  a  hill-side,  which 
the  streets  ascend  at  terrible 
angles,  and  the  river-front 
is  lined  with  wharves, 
sloops,  schooners,  and  ca- 
nal-boats. Many  of  the 
streets  are  sheltered  by  lux- 
uriant shade-trees  and  bor- 
dered by  tasteful  dwellings, 
set  back  in  pretty  gardens. 
The  surrounding  country 
offers  to  ,the  tourist  some 
charming  drives. 

One  of  the  chief  attrac- 
tions of  Newburg  is  the 
house  known  as  Washing- 
ton's headquarters,  situated 
on  a  lofty  terrace  a  little  to 
the  south  of  the  town, 
which  was  not  only  the 
scene  of  important  events 
toward  the  close  of  the 
Revolutionary  War,  but  is 
also  a  museum  of  numer- 
ous interesting  relics.  The 
house  is  built  of  gray-stone, 
and  has  a  roof  so  large  and 
steep  as  to  nearly  extin- 
guish it.  The  central  room 
is  a  quaint  old  place,  with 
some  antique  chairs  and 

tables,  and  a  famous  fireplace,  with  glistening  brass  andirons,  on  which,  in  the  old  days,  the  pine 
crackled  and  blazed  in  a  royal  way,  while  the  great  commander  sat  with  outstretched  feet,  meditating 
on  the  battles  which  changed  the  history  of  the  country. 

Four  miles  above  Newburg  is  the  village  of  Low  Point,  on  the  eastern  bank.    Above  Newburg  Bay 


44 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


3 
O 

c 
o 


the  river  narrows.  The  banks  are 
high,  but  not  precipitous.  At  the 
village  01  Marlborough,  on  the 
western  bank,  the  exquisite  arbor- 
vitas  tree  grows  in  luxuriant  per- 
fection. Across  the  river  is  the 
village  of  New  Hamburg,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  creek,  which  the  Hud- 
son River  Railway  crosses  on  a 
trellis-work  bridge. 

We  now  approach  the  city  of 
Poughkeepsie,  or,  as  it  is  com- 
monly called,  "  Pokepsee."  Four 
miles  below  is  the  village  of  Milton 
Ferry,  the  home  of  the  blacksmith 
who  forged  the  links  of  the  chain 
that  stretched  across  the  river  at 
Fort  Montgomery,  for  which  good 
workmanship  his  smithy  was  af- 
terward destroyed  by  the  British, 
and  he  himself  confined  in  the 
prison-ship  "  Jersey  "  at  New  York. 

The  name  of  Poughkeepsie  is  a 
modification  of  the  Mohegan  word 
Apo-kecp-sinck,  meaning  "safe 
and  pleasant  harbor,"  and  was 
given  on  account  of  two  high 
bluffs,  between  which  was  a  small 
sheltered  bay,  now  filled  in  with 
wharves. 

Poughkeepsie  was  settled  by 
the  Dutch  at  the  close  of  the  sev- 
enteenth century.  The  first  stone 
building  was  erected  by  Baltus 
Van  Kleet,  and  remained  a  hun- 
dred and  thirty  years,  when  it 
made  way  for  modern  improve- 
ments.' The  State  Legislature 
met  in  it  in  1777  and  1778,  when 
the  British  held  New  York,  and 
there  also  the  State  Convention 
for  the  ratification  of  the  Federal 
Constitution  met,  holding  debates 
in  which  Governor  Clinton,  John 
Jay,  and  Alexander  Hamilton,  took 
part.  It  is  the  shire  town  of 
Dutchess  County.  It  is  built  on 
the  table-land  above  the  landing. 
The  streets  are  beautifully  shaded, 
and  the  situation  is  said  to  be  ex- 
ceedingly salubrious.  Near  is  the  celebrated  woman's  college,  founded  by  Matthew  Vassar,  a  wealthy 
citizen,  at  which  three  hundred  and  fifty  young  women  are  educated  in  the  fullest  sense  of  the  word. 
The  college  building,  covering  an  area  of  fifty  thousand  square  feet,  contains  one  thousand  doors, 
seven  hundred  and  fifty  windows,  and  the  floors  measure  two  hundred  thousand  square  feet.  The 


45 


Catski II  Mountains,  from  Tivoli. 


grounds  were  made  romantic  by  Nature,  and  they  have  been  cultivated  with  great  taste  by  experienced 
landscape-gardeners. 

Five  miles  above  Poughkeepsie,  on  the  eastern  bank,  is  Hyde  Park,  in  the  country  surrounding 


Prospect  Park  Hotel,  Catskill  Station. 

which  there  is  a  large  number  of  extensive  and  ancient  country-seats,  including  Placentia,  the  former 
home  of  the  late  James  K.  Paulding,  one  of  the  pioneers  of  American  literature. 


Mount  Merino. 


46 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


Above  Staatsburg,  the  next  vil- 
lage on  the  right,  the  banks  are  low 
and  undulating,  sometimes  falling 
into  a  sad  patch  of  swamp,  a  level 
reach  of  farmland,  or  a  deeply-fruited 
orchard.  Occasionally  we  pass  an 
ice-house — a  large,  plain,  flat-roofed 
wooden  building,  which  can  be  dis- 
tinguished by  the  narrow  gangways, 
extending  from  the  front  down  to  the 
river-side.  In  such  buildings  as  this 
fifty-five  thousand  tons  of  ice  are 
sometimes  stored,  and  are  conveyed 
to  the  city,  for  summer  consumption, 
in  the  peculiar-looking  barges  which 
are  moored  near  the  houses. 

After  Staatsburg  we  pass  Ron- 
dout  on  the  west,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Rondout  Creek,  three  miles  above 
which  is  the  old  town  of  Kingston. 

Kingston,  on  the  western  bank, 
was  settled  by  the  Dutch  more  than 
two  hundred  years  ago,  and  was 
thrice  burned  by  the  Indians,  and 
once  by  three  thousand  British  troops 
under  General  Vaughan.  It  was  a 
"  nest  of  rebels,"  the  place  where  the 
State  constitution  was  framed,  and 
the  first  Legislature  met.  Near  by  a 
British  spy  was  hanged  on  an  apple- 
tree,  having  been  caught  with  a  dis- 
patch from  Clinton  to  Burgoyne  in 
his  possession.  The  paper  was  con- 
cealed in  a  hollow  silver  bullet,  which 
the  spy  swallowed  when  arrested,  but 
was  disgorged  under  the  gentle  influ- 
ence of  an  emetic. 

Opposite  Kingston  is  Rhinebeck 
Landing,  the  village  of  that  name 
being  two  miles  away,  and  invisible 
from  the  river.  It  was  settled  by 
William  Beekman,  who  built  a  stone 
house  which  is  yet  standing,  and  in 
which  the  first  public  religious  ser- 
vices in  the  neighborhood  were  held. 

Barrytown  is  six  miles  farther  up 
the  river,  and  in  its  vicinity  are  two 
magnificent  estates :  one  Montgom- 
ery Hall,  with  a  house  built  by  the 
wife  of  General  Montgomery,  who 
fell  in  the  assault  on  Quebec ;  and  the  other  Rokeby,  the  home  of  one  of  the  Astors. 

You  will  probably  notice  an  islet  near  the  eastern  shore,  above  Barrytown.  This  is  Cruger's  Island, 
a  beautiful  spot,  on  which  a  wealthy  gentleman  has  built  a  luxurious  modern  residence. 

The  next  town  on  the  eastern  bank  is  Tivoli,  the  site  of  a  house  built  before  the  Revolution  by  one 


o 
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3 
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THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


47 


of  the  Livingston 
family ;  and  oppo- 
site, on  the  western 
bank,  is  the  village 
of  Saugerties,  near 
the  mouth  of  the 
Esopus  Creek, 
which  comes  flow- 
ing: from  the  south 
through  a  valley. 

At  several  points 
of  the    river  we 
have   already  had 
glimpses    of  the 
Catskill  Mountains 
stretching  into  in- 
visible distance  be- 
yond  the  western 
bank.     At  Tivoli 
we  obtain  an  unin- 
terrupted view  of 
them,  save  when  a 
mass  of  fleecy  cloud 
floats  below  their 
crests,  and  again 
we  acknowledge 
the  infinite  variety 
and  splendor  of  the 
Hudson's  scenery. 
They  possess  every 
feature  of  beauty 
that  makes  a  land- 
scape interesting. 
The  Catskills  form 
the  termination  of 
a  ridge  of  ihe  Ap- 
palachian range, 
which    enters  the 
State    from  Penn- 
sylvania,  and  ex- 
tends through  Sul- 
livan, Ulster,  and 
Greene  Counties. 
They  rise  abruptly 
from   a   plain  of 
their  eastern  side, 
and  are  ascended 
by  a  winding  road 
at  the   edge  of  a 
deep  glen,  near  the 
head  of  which  is  an 
amphitheatre,  in- 
closed    by  lofty 
heights,  where  Rip 


-Q 
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48 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


Van  Winkle  fell  into  his  long  sleep. 
Rip  Van  Winkle  !  Irving's  exqui- 
site story  and  Jefferson's  acting  are 
so  familiar  wherever  the  English  lan- 
guage is  spoken  thai  it  is  unneces- 
sary for  us  to  repeat  the  legend  of 
the  village  ne'er-do-well— the  leerend 
which,  of  all  we  have  read,  is  the 
most  delicious  in  its  humor. 

Among  these  glorious  scenes, 
and  in  this  exhilarating  air,  Cole, 
the  artist,  lived  and  painted  the 
"Voyage  of  Life  "  and  "  The  Cross 
and  the  World,"  two  pictures  which 
have  found  numerous  enthusiastic 
admirers. 

For  many  miles  farther  the  Cats- 
kills  are  in  view.  Sometimes  they 
are  hidden  by  the  river-banks  or  the 
foot-hills,  and  reappear  before  us 
with  a  new  but  ever-beautiful  aspect. 

Four  miles  above  Tivoli  is  Ger- 
mantown,  and  a  few  miles  above  the 
latter  is  the  mouth  of  Roeleffe  Jan- 
>,     sen's  Kill,  or  Ancram  Creek.  Here 

o 

-  stood  the  original  Livingston  man- 
sion, which,  we  believe,  was  built 
long  before  the  house  of  the  same 
name  lower  down  the  river.  Clare- 
mont,  the  present  house  on  this  site, 
was  erected  by  Chancellor  Livings- 
ton, and  is  one  of  the  finest  country- 
seats  on  the  river. 

Catskill  Landing  is  one  hundred 
and  eleven  miles  from  New  York, 
on  the  western  shore.  Little  of  the 
village  of  that  name  can  be  seen 
from  the  river,  but  a  large  hotel — 
the  Prospect  Park — is  situated  close 
on  the  bank.  The  Catskill  enters 
the  river  near  by,  winding  between 
rocky  bluffs,  in  a  deep  channel, 
which  is  navigable  to  large  vessels 
a  mile  from  its  mouth.  Here  Hem*)' 
Hudson  anchored  the  "  The  Half- 
moon,"  on  the  20th  of  September, 
1609,  and  was  visited  by  the  Indians. 

Four  miles  above  Catskill  Land- 
ing a  high  promontory  will  be  no- 
ticed.    This  is  Mount  Merino,  its 
name  probably  being  derived  from  its  use  as  a  pasturage  for  the  celebrated  flocks  of  merino  sheep 
which  one  of  the  Livingston  family  imported  and  bred.    It  is  richly  cultivated  over  its  whole  extent  of 
six  hundred  acres,  and  has  a  very  pretty  appearance  from  the  river.    It  is  bordered  by  a  rim  of  yellow 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


49 


sand,  upon  which  some  pleasure-boats  are  beached,  and  the  verdure  is  singularly  bright.  Another 
grand  view  of  the  Catskills  is  obtained  from  its  summit. 

Less  than  a  mile  above  is  the  city  of  Hudson,  lying  upon  a  bold,  rocky  promontory,  fifty  feet  high. 
The  town  was  founded  in  1784  by  thirty  proprietors,  chiefly- Quakers  from  New  England.  "  Never  in 
the  history  of  cities,"  says  Lossing,  "has  there  been  a  more  extraordinary  example  of  rapid  growth 
than  that  of  Hudson.  Within  three  years  of  the  time  when  the  farm  on  which  it  stands  was  purchased, 
over  fifteen  hundred  persons  had  settled  there,  and  the  land  was  covered  with  wharves,  storehouses, 
workshops,  and  barns."  The  population  is  now  about  fifteen  thousand,  and  the  principal  street  extends 
from  the  slopes  of  a  lofty  eminence  called  Prospect  Hill,  nearly  a  mile  to  the  brow  of  a  promontorv 
fronting  the  river,  where  a  pleasant  public  promenade  was  laid  out  more  than  fifty  years  ago.  Directly 
opposite  the  city  is  the  thriving  village  of  Athens,  which  was  first  named  Lunenberg,  then  Esperanza, 
and  finally  incorporated  under  its  present  name.  Behind  it  spreads  a  country  inhabited  by  a  population 
consisting  chiefly  of  the  descendants  of  the  Dutch,  and  all  through  the  region,  from  Coxsackie  to  Kings- 
ton, the  old  language  is  still  used  in  many  families. 

Still  a  little  higher  up,  on  the  west  bank,  is  Four-Mile  Point,  marked  by  a  light-house,  from  which 
we  glance  down  on  the  city  of  Hudson  farther  down,  and  above  Four-Mile  Point  is  the  village  of  Cox- 
sackie, which  means  "cut  banks." 

Until  we  reach  Albany  the  scenery  is  now  monotonous.  We  successively  pass  the  village  of  Stuy- 
vesant,  New  Baltimore,  noticeable  for  its  ship-yards,  and,  near  Coeyman's  (pronounced  Oueman's),  a 
high,  rocky  island,  on  which  the  boundaries  of  four  counties  meet — Albany,  Greene,  Columbia,  and 
Rensselaer.  This  was  formerly  named  Bear  Island,  and  on  its  summit  was  the  castle  of  Rensselaer- 
stein,  from  the  walls  of  which  the  agent  of  a  potentate  called  the  "  Patroon  "  demanded  tribute  from 
passing  vessels. 

Castleton,  on  a  steep  hill-side  of  the  eastern  bank,  is  the  next  village  in  our  route.  Near  here  there 
is  a  serious  impediment  to  navigation  in  the  Overslaugh,  a  bar  in  the  river ;  but  of  late  years  the  chan- 
nel has  been  much  improved  by  a  system  of  dikes,  which  stretch  for  several  miles  along  the  course. 
Greenbush  is  on  the  eastern  bank,  and  once  was  the  site  of  extensive  military  barracks,  whence  troops 
were  forwarded  in  1812  to  the  Canadian  frontier.  But  we  have  now  reached  Albany,  the  capital  of  the 
State,  and  a  city  rich  in  historical  associations,  yet  alive  with  the  prosperous  traffic  of  to-day.  The 
student  will  find  little  difficulty  in  repeopling  some  of  the  curious  old  houses  .with  the  Knickerbocker 
magnates  who  so  faithfully  transplanted  all  their  manners  and  customs,  even  in  matters  of  architecture, 
to  the  new  country,  while  the  bustling  commercial  man  will  discover  a  fine  example  of  an  American 
city  in  the  busy  streets,  the  lofty  buildings,  and  the. crowded  wharves,  on  which  a  very  large  proportion 
of  all  the  produce  conveyed  through  the  Erie  Canal  is  emptied. 

Before  Albany  was  incorporated,  it  was  "variously  known  as  Beverwyck,  Williamstadt,  and  New 
Orange.  Its  growth  was  exceedingly  slow,  as  was  proper  in  a  city  of  Knickerbockers,  and  in  a  hun- 
dred years  from  the  time  of  its  incorporation  it  could  only  boast  of  a  population  of  ten  thousand.  But 
when  Fulton  succeeded  in  his  experiments,  and  the  steam-navigation  of  the  Hudson  became  an  accom- 
plished fact,  and  when  the  Erie  Canal  was  completed,  and  discharged  immense  loads  of  produce  in  the 
great  basin,  which  is  now  the  harbor  of  hundreds  of  boats,  Albany  attracted  an  increase  of  more  than 
fifty  thousand  to  its  population  in  less  than  fifty  years.  Two  hundred  years  ago  it  was  surrounded  by 
wooden  walls,  with  loop-holes  for  musketry,  and  six  gates,  the  ruins  of  which  were  in  existence  until 
1  Si 2  ;  but  now,  with  a  population  of*  nearly  seventy  thousand,  it  is  laid  out  with  handsome  avenues 
and  drives,  and  will  soon  possess  one  of  the  most  magnificent  legislative  buildings  in  the  world. 

Eight  railways  terminate  in  it  or  pass  through  it ;  its  manufactories  consist  principally  of  stove- 
founderies  and  breweries  ;  its  sales  of  barley  amount  to  over  two  million  bushels  a  year,  and  its  trade 
in  lumber  and  cattle  is  equally  large.  The  public  buildings,  besides  the  Capitol,  include  the  celebrated 
Dudley  Observatory,  the  State  Arsenal,  the  State  Library,  and  the  University.  On  the  flats  above  the 
city  is  the  Schuyler  House,  the  home  of  the  first  mayor  of  Albany,  and  in  the  northern  part  is  the  Van 
Rensselaer  Manor,  the  home  of  the  first  Patroon— two  of  the  most  interesting  historic  houses  of 
America. 

Six  miles  above  Albany  is  Troy,  a  city  with  a  population  of  nearly  fifty  thousand.    It  is  an  active, 
thriving  city,  with  many  large  manufactories,  handsome  churches,  and  elegant  private  residences. 
Poestenkill,  a  small  creek,  breaks  through  the  city  in  narrow  ravines  and  in  a  series  of  cascades,  which 
4 


50 


THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


supply  power  to  numerous  mills.  Here  is  Mrs.  Willard's  famous  female  seminary,  and  the  Rensselaer 
Polytechnic  Institute,  founded  by  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer,  in  1824. 

Above  Troy  the  river  is  not  navigable,  except  for  sloops  as  far  as  Waterford,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mohawk.  Fifty  miles  to  the  north  are  Glenn's  Falls,  consisting  of  a  series  of  rapids  and  cascades,  tum- 
bling for  a  distance  of  eighty  feet  over  rugged  masses  of  dark  stone.  This  spot  is  of  peculiar  interest, 
as  being  the  situation  of  some  of  the  most  thrilling  of  the  incidents  in  Fenimore  Cooper's  romance, 
"  The  Last  of  the  Mohicans."  Glenn's  Falls  is  reached  by  rail  from  Albany  or  Troy,  and  is  the  point 
where  passengers  bound  for  Lake  George  leave  the  cars  and  take  the  stage-coach  for  that  most  charm- 
ing resort,  nine  miles  distant. 

The  journey  by  the  Hudson  River  Railway,  144  miles,  to  Albany,  though  less  popular  with  pleas- 
ure-travelers, during  the  heats  of  summer,  than  the  steamboat  route,  is  nevertheless  a  most  interesting 
one.  The  road  lies  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  river,  touching  its  waters  continually,  and  ever  and  anon 
crossing  wide  bays  and  the  mouths  of  tributary  streams.  Great  difficulties  were  surmounted  in  its 
mountain,  rock,  and  water  passage,  and  all  so  successfully  and  so  thoroughly,  that  it  is  one  of  the 
securest  routes  on  the  continent.  Opened  43  miles  to  Peekskill,  September  29,  1849,  and  opened 
through,  October  8,  1851.'  It  has  eight  tunnels,  with  an  aggregate  length  of  3,595  feet.  The  total 
amount  expended  in  building  and  equipping  the  line  was  $12,700,000.  With  its  heavy  business,  its 
history  is  happily  free  from  any  considerable  record  of  collision  or  accident.  This  is  owing  as  much  to 
the  vigilant  management  and  the  admirable  police  as  to  the  substantial  character-of  the  road  itself. 
The  flag-men  are  so  stationed  along  the  entire  line,  at  intervals  of  a  mile,  and  at  curves  and  acclivities, 
as  to  secure  unbroken  signal  communication  from  one  end  to  the  other.  There  are  several  through 
express  trains  daily  from  Grand  Central  Depot,  Forty-second  Street.    Time,  \\  to  5$  hours. 

Stations. — Spuyten  Duyvel,  13;  Riverdale,  14;  Mount  St.  Vincent,  1 5  ;  Yonkers,  17;  Glenwood, 
18  ;  Hastings,  21  ;  Dobb's  Ferry,  22  ;  Irvington,  24  (ferry  to  Piermont,  terminus  of  Piennont  Branch 
of  Erie  Railway);  Tarrytown,  27  (ferry  to  Nyack) ;  Scarborough,  31;  Sing  Sing,  32;  Croton,  36; 
Cruger's,  37  ;  Montrose,  41  ;  Peekskill,  43  ;  Fort  Montgomery,  47  ;  Garrison's,  51  (ferry  to  West  Point)  ; 
Cold  Spring,  54 ;  Cornwall  Station,  56  ;  Fishkill,  60  (ferry  to  Newburg,  terminus  of  Newburg  Branch 
of  Erie  Railway) ;  Low  Point,  64 ;  New  Hamburgh,  66;  Milton  Ferry,  71;  Poughkeepsie,  75;  Hyde 
Park,  80;  Staatsburg,  85;  Rhinebeck,  90;  Barrytown,  96;  Tivoli,  100;  Germantown,  105;  Catskill 
Station,  in  ;  Hudson,  115  (connects  with  Hudson  and  Boston  Railway);  Stockport,  119;  Coxsackie 
Station,  123;  Stuyvesant,  125;  Schodack,  132;  Castleton,  135;  East  Albany,  144;  Albany  (connects 
with  New  York  Central  and  Albany  &  Susquehanna  Railways);  Troy,  150  (connects  with  Troy  & 
Boston  and  with  Rensselaer  &  Saratoga  Railways). 


HINTS  TO  TRAVELERS. 

We  have  in  the  earlier  part  of  this  book  mentioned  how  much  the  beauty  of  scenery  depends  upon 
the  hour  of  the  day  in  which  it  is  seen  ;  and  we  also  explained  how  much  depends  upon  the  place  on 
the  boat  the  traveler  is  enabled  to  secure. 

There  is  a  large,  handsome,  and  swift  day-boat  each  way  every  clay  during  the  season,  and  two  or 
three  night-boats,  so  long  as  navigation  is  open,  of  which  the  St.  John  and  the  Dean  Richmond  are 
famous  as  probably  the  largest  and  finest  steamboats  afloat.  % 

If  the  traveler  wishes  to  see  the  more  picturesque  lower  portion  of  the  river  only,  there  are  excursion- 
boats  to  West  Point  almost  every  day  during  the  season.  It  would  be  a  pleasant  trip  to  take  XhtMary 
Powell,  at  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  for  Poughkeepsie,  passing  through  the  Highlands  just  at  the 
hour  when,  as  the  sun  sinks  behind  them,  they  lift  in  the  half-mysterious  light  with  greatly  enhanced 
beauty.    At  Poughkeepsie  (which  is  a  sort  of  half-way  house),  the  traveler  may  take  cars  for  Albany. 

If  the  traveler  goes  by  rail,  he  should  be  early  at  the  train,  in  order  to  secure  a  place  on  the  left 
hand,  if  going  north,  or  on  the  right  hand,  if  going  south.  He  will  thus  have  good  views  of  the  river 
the  entire  distance,  with  some  most  charming  glimpses  of  the  shore  along  which  the  train  is  dashing. 

Nevertheless,  if  the  varied  and  charming  river-views  are  to  be  enjoyed  in  all  their  completeness,  let 
the  lover  of  the  picturesque  take  his  place  on  the  Daniel  Drew  or  the  C.  Vibbard,  and  surrender  the  full 
day  (some  eight  or  ten  hours)  to  the  enjoyment  of  the  panorama  hour  by  hour  unfolded  before  him. 


SECTION  ONE. — FROM  NEW  YORK  TO  RONDOIT.  SECTION  TWO. — FROM  RONEOCT  TO  GI.F.N.n's  FALLS. 


MAP  OF  THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


I 


LIST  OF  THE 


PRINCIPAL  PLACES  ON  THE  HUDSON 


MILKS. 

WEEHAWKEN,  west  side,  opposite  the  City. 

MANHATTANVILLE,  east  side   8 

FORT  LEE,  west  side   10 

FORT  WASHINGTON,  east  side   10 

SPUYTEN  DUYVEL,  east  side  .   12 

RIVERD ALE,  east  side   14 

MOUNT  ST.  VINCENT,  east  side   itf 

YONKERS,  east  side   17 

HASTINGS,  east  side  «   21 

DOBB'S  FERRY,  east  side   22 

PIERMONT,  west  side.   24 

IRVINGTON,  east  side   24 

TARRYTOWN,  east  side   29 

NYACK,  west  side   29 

SING  SING,  east  side   33 

CROTON  POINT,  east  side   36 

HAVERSTRAW,  west  side   36 

STONY  POINT,  west  side   38 

VERPLANCK'S  POINT,  east  side   38 

PEEKSKILL,  east  side   43 

CALDWELL'S  LANDING,  west  side   43 

DUNDERBERG  MOUNTAIN,  west  side   43 

FORTS  CLINTON  and  MONTGOMERY,  west  side...  47 

COZZENS'S  LANDING,  west  side   50 

WEST  POINT,  west  side   51 

GARRISON'S,  east  side   50 

COLD  SPRING,  east  side   54 

CORNWALL  LANDING,  west  side  '. . . .  56 

NEWBURG,  west  side   60 

FISHKILL  LANDING,  east  side   60 

LOW  POINT,  east  side   64 


MILKS. 

NEW  HAMBURG,  east  side   66 

MARLBORO  U  GH,  east  side   66 

MILTON  FERRY,  east  side   71 

POUGHKEEPSIE,  east  side   75 

NEW  PALTZ,  west  side   75 

HYDE  PARK,  east  side   80 

STAATSBURG,  east  side   85 

RONDOUT,  west  side   90 

KINGSTON  (on  ESOPUS  CREEK,  2  miles  from  Ron- 
dout). 

RHINEBECK,  east  side   90 

BARRYTOWN,  east  side   96 

TIVOLI,  east  side   100 

SAUGERTIES,  east  side   ico 

GERMANTOWN,  east  side   105 

CATSK1LL,  west  side   11  r 

HUDSON,  east  side   115 

ATHENS,  west  side   115 

COLUMBIAVILLE,  east  side   119 

COXSACKIE,  east  side   123 

STUYVESANT,  east  side   125 

NEW  BALTIMORE,  west  side   127 

SCHODAC,  east  side   132 

COEYMAN'S,  west  side   132 

CASTLETON,  east  side   135 

GREENBUSH,  east  side   144 

ALBANY,  west  side   144 

WEST  TROY,  west  side   150 

TROY,  east  side   151 

COHOE3,  west  side   153 

WATER  FORD,  west  side   15- 


HUDSON  RIVER  ILLUSTRATED. 


"But,  to  get  the  full  enjoyment  of  this  sail,  you  must  take  it  up-river  the  first  trip  of  the  Mary 
Powell.  For  the  Mary  Powell  is  the  belle  of  the  Hudson.  The  day  that  she  comes  up  is  gala-day 
along  the  river.  Bells  are  rung,  cannons  are  fired,  handkerchiefs  waved,  and  at  every  landing  glad 
greetings  are  brought  to  the  bird  that  brings  the  word  that  winter  is  fairly  and  fully  over,  and  a  new 
spring  is  ushered  in. 

And  she  deserves  her  popularity.  She  runs  at  an  average  of  twenty  miles  an  hour,  has  made  a  run 
for  the  whole  ninety  miles  of  her  course  at  the  rate  of  twenty-four  miles  an  hour.  She  takes  no  freight, 
and  sits  on  the  water  like  a  duck.  Her  boilers,  of  cast-steel,  enable  her  to  attain  the  speed  of  a  race- 
horse without  the  dangers  of  a  race.  Her  company  is  one  always  of  ladies  and  gentlemen.  Often  as 
I  have  traveled  to  and  fro  upon  her,  sometimes  when  she  was  crowded  from  stem  to  stern  with  her 
living  freight,  I  have  never  seen  a  drunken  man,  a  brawl,  or  even  so  much  as  an  altercation.  I  hear 
of  floating  palaces.  The  Mary  Powell  is  a  floating  parlor.  And  her  captain,  who  is  also  her  owner, 
is  as  proud  of  her  as  my  friend  Phanuel  Pholly  is  of  his  fast  horse,  and  as  sure  to  keep  her  credit  fair. 
I  suppose  the  time  will  come  when  she  will  become  superannuated  and  laid  aside ;  but  as  to  ever  see- 
ing her  sold  to  do  the  drudgery  of  a  tow-boat,  I  should  as  soon  think  of  seeing  my  friend  Deacon  Sole 
sell  his  old  family  horse  to  a  street-car  corporation." — The  Christian  Weekly. 


THE  STEAMER  "  MARY  POWELL  "  ENTERING  THE  GATES  OF  THE  HIGHLANDS. 


For  the  season  of  1875,  the  steamer  Mary  Powell  has  been  thoroughly  overhauled  in  a  manner  to 
make  her  virtually  a  new  boat,  $75,000  having  been  expended  on  her  hull,  boilers,  and  engine.  Steel 
boilers  and  a  large  cylinder  have  taken  the  place  of  her  old  ones,  with  which  she  can  work  with  one- 
third  less  pressure  than  formerly,  although  accomplishing  the  same  speed  for  which  she  has  been 
noted. 

Tourists  who  wish  to  see  the  beauties  of  the  river  to  advantage,  should  take  the  trip 
"THROUGH  THE  HIGHLANDS  OF  THE  HUDSON  BY  DAYLIGHT." 

For  Landings,  Time-Table,  etc.,  of  Mary  Powell,  see  page  54. 


54 


AD  VERTISEMENTS. 


FOR 


WEST  POUT,  lETORGH,  POU&HKEEPSIE, 

RONDOUT,  AND  KINGSTON, 

LANDING  AT 

COZZENS,  CORNWALL,  MILTON,  MARLBORO'  by  Ferry,  and  NEW  HAMBURGH. 


m 


tr1 

o 


THE  STEAMBOAT 


MARY 


P 


WELL, 


CAPTAIN  ANDERSON, 
"Will  leave  every  Afternoon  (Sunday  excepted), 

From  Vestry  Street,  Pier  39,  North  River,  at  3.30  o'clock, 

Affording  a  fine  opportunity  for  viewing 

THE  HIGHLANDS  BY  DAYLIGHT. 


PflNNFPTinSyQ  with  E,evated  Railway  at  Canal  St.  Lake  Mohonk,  Paltz 
UUllIlLU  I  &U110.  Point,  with  Evening  Trains  at  Poughkeepsie  for  the  North, 
and  New  York,  Kingston,  and  Syracuse  Railroad.    Pennsylvania  Railroad  to  and 

from  Philadelphia. 

Packages  of  Tickets  Sold  at  Reduced  Rates. 


NOHTH. 


SOUTH. 


Leave 


New  York,  Vestry  St  S 

Cozzens's  Hotel  Dock    6 

West  Point  6 

Cornwall  ,  6 

Nswburgh  6 

New  Hamburgh  and  Marlborough  7  15 

Milton  7  30 

Foughkeepsie  ...  7  45 

Arriving  at  Rondout  and  Kingston  8  80 


P.  JT. 

30 
00 
10 
30 
45 


Leave 

Rondout  and  Kingston  

Poughkeepsie  

Milton  

Marlborough  and  New  Hamburgh. 

Newburgh  

Cornwall  

West  Point  

Cozzens's  Hotel  Dock  


Arriving  in  New  York. 


A.  M. 

.  5  30 
.  6  30 
.  6  45 
.  7  00 
.  7  30 
.  7  45 
.  8  05 
.  8  10 
.10  45 


TICKETS  SOLD  AND  BAGGAGE  CHECKED  THROUGH  TO  AND  FROM  PHILADELPHIA. 


ALBRO  &  BROTHERS, 


c4 


Jo.  136  BOWERY, 

FOURTH  DOOH  ABOVE  BROOME  STREET, 

New  York,  July,  1875. 


We  would  respectfully  invite  your  attention  to  the  following 

LIST    OF  PRICES: 


Oolong  Tea. 

Good  Quality  $   36  cts.  per  Pound, 

line      "    48 

Extra  Pine  Quality   60 

Choice  "    76 

Best  "    88 


English  Breakfast  Tea. 

Good  Quality  $    36  cts.  per  Pound. 

Tine      "    48  • 

Extra  Pine  Quality   60 

Best  "    80 


Young  Hyson  Tea- 
Good  Quality   $   48  cts.  per  Pound. 

Fine    "  "    60 

Extra  Fine  Quality   76 

Choice  "    88 

Best  "    1  00 


UncoSored  Japan  Tea. 

Pine  Quality  $   60  cts.  per  Pound. 

Extra  Fine  Quality  ■•  •  •  •  80 

Best  41    1  00  " 


Creen  and  Black  Mixed  Teas. 

Good  Quality  $   36  cts.  per  Pound 

Fine    '  "    48 

Extra  Fine  Quality   60 

Eest  "    CO 

Hyson  and  Imperial  Teas. 

Good  Quality  $  48  cts.  per  Pound. 

Fine      "    60  " 

Extra  Fine  Quality   76 

Pest  "    88 


COFFEE 


ft* 


ROASTED  AND  GROUND  EVERY  MORNING. 


Good  Coffee  18  cts.  per  Pound,  i  Choice  Old  Coffee  28  cts.  per  Pound. 

Fine  Family  Coffes  22  u         ]  Best  Quality  Old  Java  Coffee-  •  -34  " 

Best  Quality  Plantation  Coffee  40  cents  per  Pound. 


We  would  call  particular  attention  to  the  following  List  of  Wines,  Brandies,  Whiskies,  etc.,  as  they  are  of 

very  fine  quality,  and  warranted  pnre : 


Hennessey  and  Otard  Brandies. 

At  $4,  $6,  $8,  $10,  and  $12  per  Gallon. 

Old  Rye  and  Bourbon  Whiskies. 

At  $3,  $4,  $5,  and  $6  per  Gallon. 

Jamaica  Rum. 


IVieder's  Swan  Gin. 

At  $4,  $5,  and  $6  per  Gallon. 

Scotch  and  Irish  Whiskies. 

At  $4,  $5,  and  $6  per  Gallon. 

lyiadeira,  Sherrv,  and  Port  Wines. 

At  $3,  $4,  $6,  $8,  and  $10  per  Gallon. 


At  $4,  $0.  $8,  and  $10  per  Gallon. 

All  kinds  of  Refined  Sugars  at  the  Refiners  Lowest  Prices. 

Any  orders  which  you  may  favor  us  with  will  be  promptly  attended  to,  and  if  any  article  sent  does  not 
prove  satisfactory,  you  can  return  it  and  receive  your  money  again,  as  all  the  goods  sold  by  us  are  warranted 
10  give  entire  satisfaction. 

ALBRO  &  BROTHERS,  156  Bowery, 

Fourth  door  above  Broome  Street. 


APPLETONS'  GUIDE-BOOKS. 


APPLETONS'  EUROPEAN  GUIDE-BOOK. 

including  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  France,  Belgium,  Holland,  Northern  and  Southern  Germany, 
Switzerland,  Italy,  Spain  and  Portugal,  kussia,  Denmark,  Notway,  and  Sweden.  Containing  a  Map 
of  Europe,  and  Nine  other  Maps,  with  Plans  of  20  of  the  Principal  Cities,  and  more  than  120  En- 
gravings. 1  vol.,  thick  i2mo,  morocco,  tuck,  gilt  edges.  Price,  $6.00.  New  edition,  revised  to 
January  15,  1872. 

APPLETONS'  HAND-BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  TRAVEL. 

WESTERN  TOUR. 

Including  Eighteen  Through-Routes  to  the  West  and  Far  West,  Tours  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  Rivers, 
and  all  Local  Routes  of  the  States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota, 
Missouri,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Colorado,  Nevada,  California,  and  Oregon,  and  Territories  of  Dakota, 
Wyoming,  Montana,  Idaho,  Utah,  and  Washington.  Being  a  Complete  Guide  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, Vo .emite  Valley,  the  Yellowstone,  Sierra  Nevada,  the  Mining  Regions  of  Utah,  Nevada,  etc., 
and  other  Famous  Localities ;  with  full  Descriptive  Sketches  of  the  Cities,  Towns,  Rivers,  Lakes, 
Waterfalls,  Mountains,  Hunting  and  Fishing  Grounds,  and  all  Places  and  Objects  of  Interest  within 
the  District  named.  With  Maps  and  Diagrams.  Uniform  with  "Hand-Book  of  Travel,"  Eastern 
Tour.    i2mo.    Cloth,  flexible.    Price,  $2.00. 

APPLETONS'  HAND-BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  TRAVEL 

NORTHERN  AND  EASTERN  TOUR. 

Including  the  District  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  Massachu- 
setts. Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  and  the  British  Dominions.  Eeing  a  Guide  to  Niagara,  the 
White  Mountains,  the  Alleghanies,  the  Catskills,  the  Adirondacks,  the  Eeikshiie  Hills,  the  St.  Law- 
rence, Lake  Cha  nplain,  La'<e  George,  Lake  Memphremagog,  Saratoga,  Newport,  Cape  May.  the 
Hudson,  and  other  Famous  Localities;  with  full  Descriptive  Sketches  of  the  Cities,  Ttwns,  Rivers, 
Lakes.  Waterfalls,  Mountains,  Hunting  and  Hshing  Oioi:nds,  C  atering-Places,  Sea-side  Resorts, 
and  all  scenes  and  objects  of  importance  and  interest  within  the  I  istrict  r.an.td.  With  Maps;  and 
various  Skeleton  Tours,  arranged  as  Suggestions  and  Guides  to  the  Traveller.  Uniform  with  "  Hand- 
Book  of  Travel,"  Western  Tour.  1  vol.,  12010.  Flexible  cloth.  Price,  $2.00.  New  edition,  revised 
for  the  summer  of  1872,  just  ready. 

APPLETONS'  HAND-BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  TRAVEL. 

SOUTHERN  TOUR. 

Beinga  Glide  through  Maryland,  District  of  Columbia,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana.  Texas.  Arkansas,  Tennessee,  and  Kei 1  tucky.  With  De- 
scriptive Sketches  of  the  Cities,  Towns,  Waterfalls,  Battle-Fields,  Mountains,  Rivers,  Lakes,  Hunt- 
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and  more  appreciated,  and  that  they  are  destined  to  take  their  place  as  the  most  popular  Steel 
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Have  just  ' published: 
I. 

THE  ITALIANS. 

A  NOVEL.    By  FRANCES  Elliot,  author  of  "  Romance  of  Old  Court-Life,"  "The  Diary  of  an  Idle  Woman 
in  Italy,"  etc.    I  vol.,  i2mo.    Cloth.    Price,  $1.50. 

"There  is  a  great  deal  in  'The  Italians'  that  is  both  fresh  and  clever.  The  book  has  the  double  recommendation  of  being  enter- 
taining and  instructive.  It  is  worth  reading  for  its  story,  and  it  contains  a  series  of  capital  pictures  of  Italian  life  ar.d  manner^." — 
Times,  March  26th. 

"  We  have  seldom  read  a  more  satisfactory  book  of  its  kind  than  '  The  Italians.'  " — The  London  Academy. 

"  'The  Ita'ians'  is  a  novel  which  o  lght  to  earn  for  itself  a  decided  place  among  the  standard  fictional  literature  of  the  day,  and  the 
author  may  be  honestly  congratulated  upon  a  brilliant  and  well-merited  success." — London  Morning  Test. 

"  She  has  given  us  a  novel  which,  whether  for  force  and  felicity  of  diction,  skillful  contrivance  of  plot,  sketches  of  life,  or  conception 
of  individual  character,  will  compare  favorably  with  any  fiction  of  the  present  season  ;  and,  as  we  have  said,  there  runs  beneath  all  this 
an  under-cunent  of  deep  meaning.    Thought  and  finish  stamp  the  work  throughout." — London  Hour. 

II. 

THE   CHILDHOOD  OF  RELIGIONS. 

Embracing  a  Simple  Account  of  the  Birth  and  Growth  of  Myths  and  Legends.  By  Edward  Clodd,  F.  R.  A.  S. 
1  vol.,  i2mo.    Cloth.    Price,  $1.25. 

"  In  a  little  book  entitled  '  The  Childhood  of  the  World,'  wbich  was  received  by  the  public  with  unlooked-for  favor,  an  attempt  was 
made  to  convey  to  young  persons  the  knowledge  concerning  man's  early  condition,  which  has  been  gathered  during  recent  years,  and 
it  is  to  the  second  part  of  that  work,  which  treats  of  his  advance  from  lower  to  higher  stages  of  religious  belief,  that  the  present  volume, 
which  deals  mainly  with  the  expression  and  embodiment  of  that  belief  in  certain  great  religions  of  the  East,  is  intended  to  be  supple- 
mental."— Extract  front  Preface. 

"  The  present  work  is  largely  a  treatise  upon  the  relation  of  the  Bible  to  the  other  Sacred  Scriptures,  and  to  the  results  of  modern 
science,  when  those  results  fail  to  harmonize  with  its  statements.  It  is  addressed  orofessecly  to  the  youne,  but  the  book  is  really  an 
entertaining  sketch  of  the  subject  for  persons  of  any  aee.  .  .  .  The  author  has  performed  his  task  extremely  well.  It  is  not  often  that 
we  see  a  book  of  popular  science  that  succeeds  so  well  in  being  entertaining  without  being  sensational  and  undignified." — New  York 
Evening  Post. 


■ 


Memoirs  of  General  William  T.  Sherman. 


WRITTEN    BY  HIMSELF. 

Complete  in  two  volumes.     Small  8vo,  400  pages  each.     Price  in  blue  cloth,  $5. 50 ; 
sheep,  $7.00;  half  turkey,  $8.50;  full  turkey,  $12.00. 


From  the  Richmond  Whig. 
"He  writes  well.    His  style  is  terse,  pointed,  incisive.    He  expresses  his  opinions 
of  both  men  and  things  with  independence  and  freedom." 

From  the  Boston  Post. 

"The  book  written  by  General  Sherman  is  as  striking  a  record  of  military  experi- 
ence as  the  modern  world  has  ever  read.  It  is  rare  that  a  great  commander  is  a  good 
writer,  the  same  hand  not  often  being  gifted  with  the  capacity  to  hold  the  sword  and 
the  pen  with  equal  skill." 

From  the  Springfield  Union. 
"  General  Sherman's  style  becomes  picturesque  and  vivid  in  treating  of  the  march 
to  the  sea,  which,  indeed,  has  been  seized  upon  by  all  our  writers  as  the  most  romantic 
passage  of  the  war." 

From  the  Philadelphia  Daily  Telegraph. 

"  With  few  exceptions,  the  book  is  remarkably  temperate,  and  it  is  an  eminently 
readable  and  most  interesting  narrative  of  a  brilliant  military  career." 

From  the  Saturday  Evening  Gazette. 

"  We  recognize  him  as  one  of  the  brilliant  soldiers  of  his  era,  and  as  a  man  to  whom 
his  country  is  very  largely  indebted  for  what  he  now  informs  us  was  the  conception,  as 
well  as  the  carrying  out,  of  one  of  the  master-strokes  of  the  war." 

From  the  Kennebec  Journal. 
"They  are  written  in  an  off-hand,  vigorous  style;  abound  in  anecdote,  and  give 
the  best  account  yet  published  of  one  of  the  most  important  campaigns  of  the  late 
war." 

From  the  Arew  Home  Journal. 
"Viewed  as  a  military  work,  the  autobiography  is  a  genuine  phenomenon,  and  oc- 
cupies as  unique  a  position  in  literature  as  Boswell's  '  Life  of  Dr.  Johnson.'  " 

From  the  N.  Y.  Herald. 
"  Sherman  shows  that  he  can  wield  the  pen  as  well  as  the  sword.    His  style  is  as 
much  his  own  as  that  of  Caesar  or  Napoleon.    It  is  a  winning  style.    We  see  a  gifted 
man  telling  his  life  in  a  plain,  artless  fashion,  but  with  trenchant  rhetoric." 

From  the  Tribune. 

"  Of  the  events  of  the  Civil  War,  in  which  he  has  won  his  illustrious  fame,  he  has 
given  a  singularly  lucid  and  instructive  description;  his  strictures  on  military  affairs 
are  judicious  and  weighty;  but  to  many  readers  his  portraitures  of  scenes  and  incidents 
of  less  wide-spread  publicity,  revealing  by  side-glances  the  traits  of  a  powerful  and,  in 
some  sense,  a  unique  personal  character,  will  prove  the  most  interesting  portions  of 
the  work." 

From  the  Ar.  Y.  Times. 
"  These  memoirs  are  by  far  the  most  interesting  and  important  contribution  yet 
made  to  the  military  history  of  the  rebellion  by  any  of  the  leading  actors  in  the  great 
struggle.  The  personal  history  of  so  marked  a  man  must  always  possess  extraordinary 
interest.  When  it  is  related  by  the  man  himself,  and  in  that  peculiarly  racy  style 
which  General  Sherman's  letters  and  speeches  have  made  familiar  to  the  public,  it  not 
only  becomes  absorbing  but  fascinating." 

From  the  Evening  Post. 

"  General  Sherman  has  told  his  story  with  the  most  entire  unreserve,  and  the  story 
is  one  which  Americans  will  be  proud  to  read.  We  cannot  help  a  feeling  of  satisfac- 
tion in  being  of  the  same  race  and  the  same  country  with  such  a  man.  We  have  here 
the  picture  of  a  person  resolute  yet  cautious,  bold  yet  prudent,  confident  yet  modest — 
a  man  of  action  to  his  finger-ends,  yet  withal  something  of  a  poet ;  we  see  all  through 
the  book  the  evidences  of  a  chivalrous  mind  and  of  an  intellect  of  singular  force  and 
precision." 


D.  APPLETON  &  CO,.  PuDlisHers,  549  k  551  Broadway,  \  Y. 


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RIGAUD  &  CO.'S  PERFUMERY.  ' 


The  attention  of  connoisseurs  is  invited  to  the  following 

Special  Products  of  Messrs.  Rigaud  &  Co.,  of  Paris. 

They  are  recommended  for  their  freedom  from  all  that  is  injurious,  their  exquisite  fra- 
grance, and  their  eminent  hygienic  properties,  which  have  led  to  their  adoption  wherever  they 
have  been  introduced. 

Perfumes  for  the  Handkerchief. 

Rigaud  &  Co.'s  Extract  of  Ylang-Ylang  and  Manila  Bouquet  are  the 

most  recherche' perfumes  of  the  day,  unrivaled  both  for  their  delicacy  and  richness.  They  are 
recommended  to  all  who  aspire  to  distinction  in  perfumes,  as  well  as  in  other  matters. 

Rigaud  8l  Co.'s  Kananga  Extract  (Japanese  Perfume)  and  their  Miranda  Bou- 
quet will  be  found  delightful  additions  to  the  toilet,  as  also  their  Concentrated  Ex- 
tracts of  Flowers,  which  are  offered  in  great  variety. 

Toilet  Requisites. 

Rigaud  8l  Co.'s  Tolutine  is  an  exquisite  toilet  fluid,  combining  emollient  virtues  with 
the  most  grateful  perfume.  This  compound  replaces  with  advantage  the  best  kinds  of  Eau 
de  Cologne  and  Aromatic  Vinegars,  for  the  toilet  or  bath.  In  connection  with  Tolutine, 
ladies  will  find  Rigaud  &  Co.'s  Ylang-Ylang  Powder  and  Rose-Powder  the  best 
powders  that  can  be  used  to  preserve  the  softness  and  natural  beauty  of  the  skin. 

Rigaui  &  Co.'s  Ylang-Ylang,  Miranda,  and  Violette  Soaps  possess  a  most 
delightful  fragrance,  and  communicate  to  the  skin  a  velvety  softness,  which  have  led  to  their 
adoption  by  the  fashionable  circles  of  Paris  and  other  centres. 

Rigaud  &  Co.'s  Dentorine,  unsurpassed  as  a  tooth  and  mouth  wash  ;  it  strengthens 
the  gums,  preserves  the  teeth  from  decay,  refreshes  the  mouth,  and  perfumes  the  breath. 

Rigaud  &  Co.'s  Dentifrice  Cream,  a  new  and  elegant  preparation,  imparting  a 
dazzling  whiteness  to  the  teeth,  hardening  the  gums,  and  entirely  free  from  all  injurious 
substances. 

For  the  Hair,  Rigaud  &  Co.'s  Miranda  Oil  and  Pommade,  Ylang-Ylang  Oil 
and  Pommade,  and  Pommade  Duchesse,  will  be  found  among  the  best  preparations 
in  use,  unsurpassed  in  quality  and  delicacy  of  perfume. 

Orders  for  the  above,  in  large  or  small  quantities,  promptly  filled  by 

E.  FOUCERA  &  CO.,  Agents, 

30  Xorth  William  Street,  New  York. 


RECENT  PUBLICATIONS. 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  LIBRARY. 

Under  the  general  title  of  the  "  Popular  Science  Library"  will  be  issued  a  series  ot  neat  and 
attractive  books,  at  the  uniform  price  of  a  dollar  each,  that  shall  bring  the  vaned  and  important  re- 
sults of  modern  scientific  inquiry  within  easy  reach  of  all  classes  of  readers.  The  "Popular  Sci- 
ence Library"  will  contribute  to  this  desirable  object  by  presenting  a  series  of  volumes — original, 
translations,  reprints,  and  abridgments — with  copious  illustrations,  in  all  the  departments  of  sci- 
ence that  are  of  practical  and  popular  interest.  It  w  ill  take  a  free  range  in  its  choice  of  subjects,  and 
treat  them  in  a  way  that  will  be  most  interesting  and  profitable  to  general  readers. 

The  following  works  have  just  been  issued,  to  be  followed  by  others  of  a  similar  character,  from 
time  to  time.    Price,  $1.00  each. 


HEALTH.    By  Dr.  Edward  Smith,  F.  R.  S. 

"The  author  of  this  manual  has  rendered  a  real  service  to  Families  and  Teachers.  It  is  not  a 
mere  treatise  on  Health,  such  as  would  be  written  by  a  Medical  Professor  for  Medical  Students. 
Nor  is  it  a  treatise  on  the  treatment  of  disease,  but  a  plain,  common-sense  essay  on  the  prevention 
of  most  of  the  ills  that  flesh  is  heir  to.  There  is  no  doubt  that  much  of  the  sickness  with  which  human- 
ity is  afflicted  is  the  result  of  ignorance,  and  proceeds  from  the  use  of  improper  food,  from  defective 
drainage,  overcrowded  rooms,  ill-ventilated  work-shops,  impure  water,  and  other  like  preventable 
causes.  Legislation  and  municipal  regulations  may  do  something  in  the  line  of  prevention,  but  the 
people  themselves  can  do  a  great  deal  more — particularly  if  properly  enlightened;  and  this  is  the 
purpose  of  this  book." — Albany  Journal. 


THE  NATURAL  HISTORY  OF  MAN.    By  Prof.  A.  de  Quatrefages. 
Translated  from  the  French  by  Eliza  A.  Youmans. 

"In  introducing  it  to  the  public  notice  in  a  cheap  and  convenient  form  there  is  much  sound 
:udgment.  M.  de  Quatrefages  is  one  of  the  ablest,  as  he  is  one  of  the  most  enthusiastic  anthropolo- 
gists of  the  day." — N.  Y.  Times. 

"A  very  competent  translator  has  made  a  charming  English  book  of  what  was  a  charming 
French  book.  As  a  naturalist,  Quatrefages  has  few  superiors;  as  a  piquant  and  clear  writer,  still 
fewer — he  makes  science  easy,  unequivocal,  and  delightful." — Boston  Christian  Register. 


OUTLINE   OF  THE   EVOL'UTION  PHILOSOPHY.     By  Dr.  E.  Ca- 
ZELLES.    Translated  from  the  French  by  O.  B.  Frothingham. 

"  This  unpretentious  little  work  will  no  doubt  be  used  by  thousands  to  whom  the  publications  01 
Mr.  Herbert  Spencer  are  inaccessible  and  those  of  Aususte  Comte  repellent  by  reason  of  their  pro- 
lixity and  vagueness.  In  a  short  space  Dr.  Cazelles  has  managed  to  compress  the  whole  outline 
and  scope  of  Mr.  Spencer's  system  with  his  views  of  the  doctrine  of  progress  and  law  of  evolution, 
and  a  clear  view  of  the  principles  of  positivism." — Nature  {London). 

"  This  volume  gives  in  a  condensed  form,  but  in  a  style  that  is  perspicuous,  entertaining,  and  in- 
structive, the  salient  features  of  the  Kvolution  theory,  especially  as  it  has  been  developed  by  Mr. 
Herbert  Spencer." — Pittsburg  Gazette. 


THE  SCIENCE  OF  MUSIC.    By  Sedley  Taylor. 

"The  work  is  full  of  curious  facts  and  is  exceedingly  attractive.  It  is  clearly  written  and  the 
text  is  profusely  illustrated." — Boston  Saturday  Evening  Post. 

"  It  is  brief,  to  the  point,  thorough,  and  satisfactory."— Pittsburg  Gazette. 

"  The  value  of  this  work  cannot  be  over-estimated,  inasmuch  as  Mr.  Taylor  is  a  eood  authority, 
and  has  a  happy  facility  of  expressing  his  meaning  in  clear  and  simple  language."—  Minneapolis 
Tribune. 

ENGLISH  MEN  OF  SCIENCE :  their  Nature  and  Nurture.    By  Francis 
Galton,  F.  R.  S.    ( Jttst issued.) 


D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  Publishers,  549  &  551  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


The  Greville  Memoirs. 

Complete  in  two  vols. 


A  JOURNAL  OF  THE  REIGNS  OF 

KING  GEORGE  IT.  AND  KING  WILLIAM  IT. 

BY  THE  LATE 

CJTJlS.  C.  F.   GrRE ~VILLJE,  JEsq_., 

Clerk  of  the  Council  to  those  Sovereigns. 

Edited  by  HENRY  REEVE,  Registrar  of  the  Privy  Council. 

12mo.   Price,  Four  Dollars. 

This  edition  contains  the  complete  text  as  published  in  the  three 
volumes  of  the  English  edition. 

"  The  sensation  created  by  thes?  Memoirs,  on  their  first  appearance,  was  not  out  of 
proportion  to  their  real  interest.  They  relate  to  a  period  of  our  history  second  only  in 
importance  to  the  Revolution  of  1688  ;  they  portray  manners  which  have  now  disappeared 
from  society,  yet  have  disappeared  so  recently  that  middle-aged  men  can  recollect  them ; 
and  they  concern  the  conduct  of  very  eminent  persons,  of  whom  some  are  still  living, 
while  of  others  the  memory  is  so  fresh  that  they  still  seem  almost  to  be  contemporaneous. 

"  The  extent  of  Mr.'Greville's  information  was  limited  only  by  the  extent  of  his  curi- 
osity; and  the  result  is,  that  a  mine  so  rich  in  that  kind  of  matter  which  is  half  gossip, 
half  history,  as  lies  beneath  the  boards  of  these  volumes  has  rarely  been  opened  to  the 
public." — The  Academy. 

"Such  Memoirs  as  these  are  the  most  interesting  contributions  to  history  that  can  be 
made,  and  the  most  valuable  as  well.  The  man  deserves  gratitude  from  his  posterity 
who,  being  placed  in  the  midst  of  events  that  have  any  importance,  and  of  people  who 
bear  any  considerable  part  in  them,  sits  down  day  by  day  and  makes  a  record  of  his  ob- 
servations."— Buffalo  Courier.  0 

"  The  Greville  Memoirs,  already  in  a  third  edition  in  London,  in  little  more  than  two 
months,  have  been  republished  by  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  New  York.  The  three  loosely- 
printed  English  volumes  are  here  given  in  two,  without  the  slightest  abridgment,  and 
the  price,  which  is  nine  dollars  across  the  water,  here  is  only  four.  It  is  not  too 
much  to  say  that  this  work,  though  not  so  ambitious  in  its  style  as  Horace  Walpole's 
well-known  '  Correspondence,'  is  much  more  interesting.  In  a  word,  these  Greville  Me- 
moirs supply  valuable  materials  not  alone  for  political,  but  also  for  social  history  during 
the  time  they  cover.  They  are  additionally  attractive  from  the  large  quantity  of  racy 
anecdotes  which  they  contain." — Philadelphia  Press. 

"These  are  a  few  among  many  illustrations  of  the  pleasant,  gossipy  information  con- 
veyed in  these  Memoirs,  whose  great  charm  is  the  free  and  straightforward  manner  in 
which  the  writer  chronicles  his  impressions  of  men  and  events." — Boston  Daily  Globe. 

"  As  will  be  seen,  these  volumes  are  of  remarkable  interest,  and  fully  justify  the  en- 
comiums that  heralded  their  appearance  in  this  country.  They  will  attract  a  large  circle 
of  readers  here,  who  will  find  in  their  gossipy  pages  an  almost  inexhaustible  fund  of  in- 
struction and  amusement." — Boston  Saturday  Evening  Gazette. 

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INTERNATIONAL  SCIENTIFIC  SERIES. 


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PROSPECTUS. 

D.  Appleton  &  Co.  have  the  pleasure  of  announcing  that  tbey  have  made  arrangements  for  publishing,  and  have  recently 
•ommenced  the  issue  of,  a  Series  of  Popular  Monographs,  or  small  works,  under  the  above  title,  which  will  embody  the 
results  of  recent  inquiry  in  the  most  interesting  departments  of  advancing  science. 

The  character  and  scope  of  this  series  will  be  best  indicated  by  a  reference  to  the  names  and  subjects  included  in  the  subjoined 
list,  from  which  it  will  be  seen  that  the  cooperation  of  the  most  distinguished  professors  in  England,  Germany,  France,  and  the 
United  States,  has  been  secured,  and  negotiations  are  pending  for  contributions  from  other  eminent  scientific  writers. 
^  The  works  will  be  issued  simultaneously  in  New  York,  London,  Paris,  Leipsic,  Milan,  and  St.  Petersburg. 

The  International  Scientific  Series  is  entirely  an  American  project,  and  was  originated  and  organized  by  Dr.  E.  L. 
Youmans,  who  spent  the  greater  part  of  a  year  in  Europe,  arranging  with  authors  and  publishers.  The  forthcoming  volumes 
are  as  follows : 

Prof.  Lommel  (University  of  Erlangen).    Optics.    (In  press.) 
Rev.  M.  J.  Berkeley,  M.  A.,  F.  L.  S.,  and  M.  Cooke,  M.  A., 

LL.D.,  Fungi;  their  Nature,  Influences,  and  Uses.  (Id 

press.) 

Prof.  W.  Kingdon  Clifford,  M.  A.,  The  First  Principles  of  the 
Exact  Sciences  explained  to  the  Non-Mathematical. 

Prof.  T.  H.  Huxley,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  Bodily  Motion  and  Con- 
sciousness. 

Dr.  W.  B.  Carpenter,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  The  Physical  Geogra- 
phy of  the  Sea. 

Prof.  wm.  Odling,  F.  R.  S.,  The  Old  Chemistry  viewed  from 


the  New  Stand-point. 
W.  Lauder  Lindsay,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.  E.,  Mind  in  the  Lower 
Animal*. 

Sir  John  Lubbock,  Bart.,  F.  R.  S.,  The  Antiquity  of  Man. 

Prof.  W.  Thiselton  Dyer,  B.  A.,  B.  Sc.,  Form  and  Habit  in 
Flowering  Plants. 

Mr.  J.  N.  Lockyer,  F.  R.  S.,  Spectrum  Analysis. 

Prof.  Michael  Foster,  M.  D.,  Protoplasm  and  the  Cell  Theory. 

Prof.  W.  Stanley  Jevons,  Money :  and  the  Mechanism  of  Ex- 
change. 

H.  Charlton  Bastian,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  The  Brain  as  an 
Organ  of  Mind. 

Prof.  A^C.  Ramsay.  LL.  D..  F.  R  S.,  Earth  Sculpture;  Hills, 

Valleys,  Mountains,  Plains,  Rives,  Lakes;  how  they  were 

produced,  and  hois  tin  y  have  been  destroyed. 
Prof.  Rudolph  Virchow  (of  the  University  of  Berlin),  Morbid 

Physiological  Action. 
Prof.  Claude  Bernard,  Physical  and  Metaphysical  Phenomena 

of  Life. 

Prof.  H.  Saint-Claire  Deville,  An  Introduction  to  General 
Chemistry. 


Prof.  Wurtz,  Atoms  and  the  Atomic  Theory. 
Prof.  A.  De  Quathefages,  The  Negro  Races. 
Prof.  Lacaze-Duthiers,  Zoology  since  Cuvier. 
Prof.  Berthelot,  Chemical  Synthesis. 

Prof.  J.  Rosenthal  (University  of  Erlangen),  General  Physiology 

of  Muscles  and  Nerves. 
Prof.  James  D.  Dana,  M.  A.,  LL.D.,  On  Cephalization ;  or, 

Head-Characters  in  the  Gradation  and  Progress  of  Life. 
Prof.  S.  W.  Johnson,  M.  A.,  On  the  Nutrition  of  Plants. 
Prof.  Austin  Flint,  Jr.,  M.  D.,  The  Nervous  System,  and  its 

Relation  to  the  Bodily  Functions. 
Prof.  W.  D.  Whitney,  Modern  Linguistic  Science. 
Prof.  C.  A.  Young  Ph  D.  (of  Dartmouth  College),  Vie  Sun. 
Prof.  Bernstein  (University  of  Halle),  Physiology  of  the  Senses. 
Prof.  Ferdinand   Cohn  (Breslau  University),  ' Thallophytts, 

Alga;,  Lichens,  Fungi. 
Prof.  Herman  (University  of  Zurich),  On  Respiration. 
Prof.  Leuckard  (University  of  Leipsic),  Outlines  of  Animal 
Organization . 

Prof.  Liebreich  (University  of  Berlin),  Outlines  of  Toxicology. 
Prof.  Kundt  (Unnersity  of  Strasbourg),  On  Sound. 
Prof.  Refs  (University  of  Erlangen"),  On  Parasitic  Plants. 
Prof.  Steinthal  (University  of  Berlin),  Outlines  of  the  Science 
of  Language. 

E.  Alglave  (Professor  of  Constitutional  and  Administrative 
Law  at  Douai,  and  of  Political  Economy  at  Lille),  The 
Primitive  Elements  of  Political  Constitutions. 

P.  Lorain  (Professor  of  Medicine,  Paris),  Modern  Epidem- 
ics. 

Prof.  Schutzenberger  (Director  of  the  Chemical  Laboratory 

at  the  Sorbonne),  On  Fermentations. 
Mons.  Debray,  Precious  Metals. 


D.  APPLETON  k  CO.,  PnDMers,  549  &  551  Broatay,  to  Tort 


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